Criminal Profiling: Peter Sutcliffe

Criminal Profiling: Peter Sutcliffe Criminal Profiling: Peter Sutcliff One other aspect we can all discuss which is relatively new, is the work of psychologists in helping the police in catching a killer, it is known as criminal profiling or offender profiling, which can be traced back to 1888 when ‘Thomas Bond gave a detailed description on Jack the Ripper’ (Cross) it was later used by the FBI in America. Following the case of The Yorkshire Ripper it began to be used in Britain by the police force in other cases of catching other criminals and serial killers. The Yorkshire Rippers profile could have looked similar to the points below; 1, Has local knowledge of where the crimes are committed 2, Lives within the vicinities of the crime scenes 3, is likely to be somewhat of a loner 4, Could be married or living alone 5, if married, may spend time away from home on a regular basis 6, is disorganised 7, Sadistic 8, Religious 9, has a grudge against prostitutes 10, Is probably in a job, but of no skill Discuss the various theories of crime in relation to your chosen criminal In order to complete this discussion the chosen criminal shall be Peter William Sutcliff aka The Yorkshire Ripper, who during the time span of July 1975 and January 1981, claimed the lives of thirteen women, and attacked seven more. Most of Sutcliff’s victims were prostitutes and he committed the crimes within the vicinities of Leeds and the North of England. He used a variety of methods to kill and attack his victims, and an array of weapons. The methods used to kill and attack his victims included stabbing, strangulation, and bashing and the weapons he used consisted of an array of knives, a hammer, a hacksaw and a Ball-pein hammer, which later became his signature. Peter William Sutcliff was the first born of six children to Kathleen a quiet and solid catholic woman and John a man whom had an appetite for life ‘Murder case book vol 1’. It was his mother Kathleen that provided stability and security and gave him round the clock care following his birth due to the fact he was a small and weak baby. Peter grew up to be fond of his mother, more so than his father and it is reported that ‘he would hide behind her skirt on many occasion (murder case book vol 1). During his school years Peter was bullied by other children and would regularly play truant, his grades were of a poor standard and he left school at the age of fifteen without qualifications, he embarked on a variety of jobs, all of which he was unable to hold down due to the constant lateness of his arrival at work, one job which Peter had, and had held for three years was a post as a grave digger at Bingley Cemetery, during his early adult life he was regarded as being somewhat of a loner, deep and introvert ( murder case book vol 1) and would be the subject of ridicule by his family. Peter took an interest in body building at this time and would spend hours alone training, at this time he also met his future wife Sonia in a local pub when he was with his work colleagues, they had a relationship which lasted for eight years before finally In 1974. In 1969 John, Peter’s father discovered that Kathleen his wife was having an affair with a local policeman and he arranged for the whole family to confront her about it, Peter was devastated; it was later that year that he carried out an attack on a prostitute in Bradford following a row with her about a  £10 note. He hit her on the head with a stone in a sock while out in the red light district, of which he was a frequent visitor t. In 1971 Sonia his then girlfriend had a mental breakdown and at this time she reported to her psychiatrist that she had â€Å"heard the voice of God† Wicked beyond belief, she was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia, following her recovery she and Peter went on to marry in 1974, in less than a year of marriage Peter had carried out an attack on a woman, only to attack other women a short time later, and in October of 1975 claimed the life of his victim, a person identified as Wilma McCann aged twenty-eight, in Leeds, she be came the first in the long reign of terror that Peter William Sutcliff held. In order to discuss the various theories of crime that could account for Sutcliff’s behaviour one will examine the various theories which have evolved over the the past twelve decades beginning with the works of Cesare Comboso 1876, he was an Italian biologist who had an interest in crime (class notes) he reported that following this study , of similar facial features in criminals such as cold-glassy blood shot eyes, thick curly hair, strong jaws, long ears and thin lips, Lombrosos findings had no scientific evidence in support of his theories, he used correlation to identify his subjects in his study therefore we must dismiss this as being inconclusive, another theory of crime was also put forward using the same basis as Lombrosos by William Sheldon in 1949, who identified three body types, endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectromorphic, his study was based on 400 men in rehabilitation, the majority were found to be of a mesomorphic type, muscular, tough and strong. From both of t hese theories we are able to reflect the appearance of Sutcliff with cold glassy eyes and thick curly hair. Sutcliff also had a mesomorphic body shape; therefore we must keep an open mind of these particular theories. Possible explanation of the two studies could be chromosomes, some men in prisons have been found to have an extra Y in making them XYY but according to Jacob’s (class notes) it could be associated with them being more aggressive. There has been no scientific evidence to prove that there is a criminal gene but that is not to say that one does not exists. Another theory put forward in order to explain crime was (Eysneck Eysneck 1970) ‘the criminal is a neurotic extrovert (someone who scores high on both N E) N is linked to crime through anxiety, the high E score is stimulus-hungry, engaging in thrill enhancing behaviour and is more difficult to . The EPL questionnaires Eysneck Eysneck used also found that high P scorers also were established as being aggressive, uncaring, troublesome, inhumane, insensitive to others needs and feelings, tend not to experience guilt, prefer strange and unusual things and appear foolhardy! Although we have no knowledge of a questionnaire being completed by Sutcliff, one could give incidents that have occurred and situations that have taken place to reflect yet again with this theory. In September 1969 Sutcliff was arrested and charged with going equipped for theft ‘with a hammer’, while working in the cemetery he was reported by a work mate to have a macabre sense of humour, ‘he would lie down on a slab pretending to be a corpse with a shroud over him and make groaning noises’ (Murder case book ) also he would boast to workmate that he had stolen various items of jewellery from corpses ( wicked beyond belief) also following the job he was given at TWH Clark as a lorry driver, he posed for a publicity poster and wrote his own strange epitaph to accompany it, it read â€Å"In this truck is a man whose if unleashed would rock the nation, whose dynamic energy would overpower those around him. Better let him sleep? (Wicked beyond belief), and finally the crimes he committed such as stabbing a victim with a screw driver in her vagina and then going home to his wife as if nothing had ever happened. Another explanation to describe Sutcliff’s behaviour is frauds tripartite derision of the personality, the most primitive part which consists of basic biological impulses or drives, the source of psychic energy or libido which operates on the pleasure principle, // and to avoid pain regardless of external circumstances it is known as the ID, followed by the ego which is the rational part or controlling self it operates on the reality principle, holding back the impulses of the ID until they can be satisfied in society in socially approved was, and finally the superego which represents the of the values and morals of society, it is the conscience that controls the expression of the ID’s impulses through moral scruples , thus being Sutcliff’s need to attack and kill his victims and gaining satisfaction and sexual gratification in doing so while being marries to Sonia and showing concern by ‘ collecting her from work in order for her to be safe, in case she w ould be attacked by The Ripper’ (wicked beyond belief) he was never looked upon by his wife as being nothing but a normal and caring husband, he showed no guilt or remorse for his actions and following the arrest for his crimes ( all of which his wife was oblivious to) gave her an account of his actions and told her that he would ‘pretend to be mentally ill and get 10 years in a loony bin’ (wicked beyond belief). Another theory can be attachment as a cause, Bowbly (1963 and 1973) his maternal deprivation hypothesis was used to explain the harmful effects of growing up in institutions, according to Bowbly short term deprivation produces distress. Deprivation produces long-term development retardation such as affectionless psychopath. Gross ( ) Given that Peter was the first born and he was cared for by his mother throughout his early life, the suggestion that a child needs a constant primary care-giver for the first two and a half to three years of his life to become stable and able to thrive to not conditional in this instance ‘Mothers love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins and proteins for physical health. Bowbly (1951). One other theory of crime that can be a large deciding outcome of a conviction can be the state of one’s mind when the crime was committed, such as schizophrenia, Paranoid schizophrenia is an illness that affects the thought process of the brain, so the suffer may not be able to think logically, often there are hallucinations, which may be in the way of voices, visions, and the sensation of being touched, delusions are also common, schizophrenia can happen following an episode of stress, breakdown or disastrous life changing event (mental health volunteer notes). In the case against Sutcliff ( there was a conflict between Dr Hugo Milme, Dr Malcolm McCulloch and Dr Terrence Kay psychiatrist who diagnosed him and the Attorney General Sir Michael Havers, who believed that Sutcliff was not suffering from schizophrenia, but was telling lies). He claimed that from the age of 20 years old he had been following instructions from God, he had heard his voice, and it told him to clean th e streets of prostitutes, (Murder case book Vol 1). In order to establish the differences between a person suffering from a mental illness and a psychopath (see handout 1) are they mad or just bad. We must take on board as much information about the individual we are dealing with, which did not appear to be the case for Sutcliff. Although Sutcliff is now incarcerated in Brood moor Mental Institution, he was originally incarcerated in Parkhurst Prison, but following an attack by another inmate in March 1984 when he lost sight in one eye and needed countless stitches, his original testimony to appear mad finally became a reality. In order to conclude this discussion one must look at various events which happened to Sutcliff, of which might account for his behaviour and give an insight as to why he committed the crimes he did. As Peter was close to his mother her embarking on an affair with a policeman left him devastated, could it be that he associated this with the attack he first made in 1969 on a prostitute in Bradford following the row over money or was it the fact that the man in question was a policeman, Peter as a child was brought up as a catholic who’s views on sex might have been the cause for him to attack prostitutes, what made his family ridicule him, his relationship with his siblings could that have had an effect on him, always lonely, possible jealousy of no longer having his mother all to himself, the fact he was bullied in school could all of these given him drive and ambition and he wanted to prove something, give himself status. Why was it that although he was warned and it was repo rted by his wife Sonia that they had a normal sex life, what made him leave traces of semen on their bodies and expose them but not have intercourse with them, but not engaging in intercourse could be seen as possibly something that means procreation, he had no children of his own. No reason for this has been reported, maybe they didn’t want them or were unable to have them or was he a psychopath and given the fact that he had seen Sonia suffering with schizophrenia gave him the excuse and reasoning for his behaviour should he ever be caught. Whatever the case Peter William Sutcliff, aka The Yorkshire Ripper was indeed wicked beyond belief.

Cross Cultural Communication Essay

Contents 1. Executive Summary This report will consist of the parts which are: Critically analyse and evaluate the model of Hall’s High context culture and Low context culture and introduce the main features of them. Explain two countries falling into High context culture and Low context culture. Analyse the AUDI’s official website of business communication respectively in South Korea and China which belongs to High context culture, in Sweden and Canada which is part of Low context culture and demonstrates the performance of company. The information is provided in this report which came from academic journals, newspapers, textbooks and reliable websites. According to the analysis of Hall’s model, this report considers that this model is helpful for the cross-cultural communication of different countries. And based on the model, it provides some examples such as South Korea and China (high context culture) and Sweden and Canada (low context culture) to demonstrate the different expression way in different countries which can contribute to th e cultural communication of each country and make the features of model more clearly. Then, this report proposes the AUDI as the case to introduce the communication styles of company in high and low context culture and analyse detailedly the performances of its official website in four countries which are South Korea, China, Sweden and Canada.  The successful development of AUDI in these four countries also certifies the effectiveness and contribution of Hall’s model. 2. Introduction 2.1 Objectives Critically evaluate and analyse the main characteristics of high context and low context culture model of Hall (1990). Propose four countries that two high-context culture countries (China and South Korea) and two low-context culture countries (Sweden and Canada) to analyse Hall’s high and low context culture model (1990). Present the example of business communication about Hall’s (1990) high context and low context culture model. And illustrate the different communication styles of AUDI’s official websites respectively in high context culture country of South Korea and China and in low context culture country of Sweden and Canada. Make the conclusion according to the above contents. 2.2 High and low context model of culture of Hall (1990) The famous American anthropologist Hall, according to accuracy and clarity of people’s information transmission and receiving in the process of communication, puts forward the analysis framework of high and low context culture. Hall (1976) thinks that â€Å"Context† is surrounded by the information of an event, and the â€Å"events† is to express the contents of communication, the combination between them reflects the characteristics of a culture. According to the different combination of â€Å"Context† and â€Å"Content†, the culture can be divided into high context culture and low context culture. 3. Main Findings With the rapid development of economic globalization, the link between countries become more and more closely. Because different countries have different cultural context, the cross-cultural communication are emerging, which also have some issues in the communication (Koeszegi, 2004). Many scholars have do some research and analysis on the different culture in the world, this part will introduce the Hall’s model of high and low cultural context detailedly and give some cases of different context culture as below. 3.1 Analyse the model of high and low cultural context of Hall 3.1.1 The Definition and Features of the High and Low cultural context model (Hall, 1990) Hall (1976) thinks that the human communication, including language communication will be affected by the context. Hall (1976, pp.81-83) emphatically pointed out without context, symbols are incomplete, because it only contains a part of the information, context does not have the specific meaning, but the meaning of communication often depends on the context, and meaning is inextricably linked to context. Hall (1976) divided the context into high context and low context. The type of context determines all aspects of the communicative activities, the use of language is no exception. It means that, in low context communication, people more and more depend on use language to achieve communicative purposes. While in high context communication, the role of language use may be much smaller, people are relatively sensitive to the hints of subtle environment. Most Asian cultures such as: Chinese culture, and culture of South Korea and Africa culture can be regarded as high context culture. And the United States, Canada, Sweden and most Nordic culture belongs to low context culture (Hall and Hall, 1990). In these two kinds of different cultures, the role of the transfer meaning on context and language which is not the same, therefore the position and status of communication is different. The features of high context culture are that in the process of communication, after only a few information is encoded by clearly transmitting, people attaches great importance to the â€Å"context† rather than the â€Å"content†, and pay more attention to the establishment of the social trust and highly evaluate the relationship and friendship, which can sustain a long relationship (Moran, et al, 2007). Besides, communication is implicit, people is very sensitive to these implicit information and early learns to accurately explain the implicit information. The two kinds of communication and information have certain advantages: high context culture can better inherit the oriental righteousness and the humanistic spirit of the love with China as a representative. It is favorable to the h armony of society and the stability of management (Dozier, et al, 1998). Whilst low context culture through the system the rigidity expression achieve the standardization of the order and management better. The comparison of this two context culture’s features is as follows in Table 1. Table 1: The comparison of the HC and LC Culture’s features (Lustig and Koester, 1999) High Context Culture Low Context Culture Implicit and Veiled Communication Way Explicit and Direct Communication Way Code Information Clear Information Some Differences between Internal and External The Flexible Relationship between Internal and External More Nonverbal Code Detailed Verbal Code High Commitment Low Commitment Strong Interpersonal Relationships Estranged Interpersonal Relationships Less Demonstrative Response Demonstrative Response Highly Flexible of Time Highly Structured of Time The above analysis shows that the characteristic of HC and LC have large differences on culture and communication, Lustig and Koester (2001) points out HC culture mainly depends on the preset program of people’s thought to convey information, such as many unwritten traditions, unspoken values and society generally accepted patterns of behavior. And yet LC culture, it emphasizes the reason and logic, which is on the basis of rationality to deduce with the conclusion to use the logical method, transfer information clearly through language, and regard the implicit expression way as unclear thinking or lack of politeness. In the actual enterprise and social management, the two cultures should be mutual penetration and fusion, and complement each other, which help the enterprise to create the harmonious and efficient management mechanism, and promote the harmonious development of society (Ahmed, et al., 2009). 3. 2 The compared analysis between South Korea, China and Sweden, Canada falling into each category Each culture is forming in the long-term historical development process of accumulation. And every culture has its own potential and unique, namely the recessive  culture, the recessive culture has the intangible influence to people, so to the success of cross-cultural communication has more threatening (Chua and Gudykunst, 1987). The distinction between high and low context culture of Hall that is the overall summary to the characteristics of different cultures, especially the features of recessive culture, and to explore their historical origin and understand their characteristics which is the necessary subject of cross-cultural communication. According to the research of Hall, South Korea and China belong to the high context culture, while Sweden and Canada are biased towards the low context culture. 3.2.1 The High Context Culture of South Korea South Korea belongs to high context culture country, because Kim, et al. (1998)suggest that South Korea is influenced by traditional Chinese Confucianism, after many years of accumulation of culture, it has a similar background of China, and has formed a certain values, beliefs and code of conduct, etc., this is a long-term accumulation of life, which has relative stability. Therefore, in the process of communication of people in South Korea, a lot of information already contains the background information, and do not need to explicitly expressed, they can fully understand, this creates the more hidden interpersonal communication in South Korea. In South Korea, people especially pay attention to courtesy, and avoid calling name of each other directly in the communication. In business communication, Avruch (2004) suggests that South Koreans prefer to use the un-opposite and indirect attitude, and language strategy, the true meaning of expression often need to through reasoning to unde rstand, even if they do not agree with each other’s opinions, they will not say â€Å"no† and rarely directly refuse or refute, sometimes they will also use silence instead of rejection. Language is polite and veiled, which avoid friction directly. Due to the high context culture, the oral expression of the wooden people will get more trust in South Korea. 3.2.2 The High Context Culture of China Because of tradition and history, China has become a typical high context culture. People live in a fixed place for a long time, the pace of life is orderly. In the long term, social change is slow and amplitude is small, people’s life experience and network are very simple (Kim, et al., 1998). The Chinese language expression is fuzzy and implicative, much information is in the cultural connotation, most of the information is not clearly expressed, which always use the indirect and roundabout expression, the meaning of the words usually exist in language, this communication way both leave wiggle room for each other, and also avoid loss of face. In addition, the language need not be the main channels of information in the China, the gestures, space distance and even silence can also convey ideas and communicate the feelings. Therefore, Chinese people are more sensitive to the things around and environment, do not through language can also express their feelings. As Hall (1976) pointed out: â€Å"high context culture is more dependent on and familiar with nonverbal communication.† In high context culture, through the surrounding environment, people can gain a lot of information, there is no need to reveal everything. In China, for example, such as the sentence of †Å"I love you† which show the word of like, they seldom speak out directly, because this information has transmitted from the context. 3.2.3 The Low Context Culture of Sweden While the culture of Sweden is the opposite, which is a part of low context culture. They do not like Chinese and Koreans in order to take into consideration the feelings of others, to express their ideas euphemistically. They will directly show their attitude (Niemeier et al, 1998). In Sweden, people are articulate and usually good at verbal expression that will more popular. In the process of business communication, the conflict does not mean that their dissatisfaction, which will reflects their own thoughts, they think when face the disagreement, clearly tell their ideas can be better for solving the problem. In addition, negotiations between companies in Sweden, they will straight into the theme, and complete the scheduled agenda quickly, which hope to separate work and play fully, achieve the deal as soon as possible (Jarvenpaa, et al., 1999). And the Swede is a representative of the linear concept of time, who pursue the speed and efficiency, they asked to do anything in accord ance with the schedule strictly, their work habits are that to carry out the negotiations in order, and after make sure the involved issues clearly, then step by step to solve, the first terms does not completely solve they will not negotiate the second. While in same meeting negotiates a few issues in China which is  very normal, which reflect the differences between high context and low context culture. 3.2.4 The Low Context Culture of Canada Canada also belongs to low context culture, which emphasize straightforward, and come straight to the question when they are in process of communication, all the information need to be conveyed with the clear and easy words by language, and often have no hidden meaning between the lines of words, the Canadians willing to bluntly express their views (Hall and Hall, 1990). In the process of business communication, Canadians usually energetic and outgoing, who like the direct honest way of negotiations, the expression has obviously transactional and economic. In the process of negotiation, they sought to clarify their own point of view, who utilize the simple and clear language to express the idea, they think that argument is not only the rights of presenting the individual opinion, but also can solve the problem, but this kind of practice for countries that have high context culture is hard to accept, which think Canadians are very aggressive. In the eyes of Canadians, they believe tha t silence is impolite behavior (Salleh, 2005). 3.3 The weaknesses of Hall’s high and low context model of culture (1990) However, though the model of Hall’s high context and low context culture has made great achievement on the analysis of national culture, and also provides reference for many scholars to help them to research the world culture. It still has some weaknesses in this model. Hall only proposes that the concept and features of high and low context culture, which does not provide the integrated system and detailed data to demonstrate his argument, and he does not classify all the countries, thus causing the fuzzy classification of some countries. Some scholars such as Hofstede’s (2008) Individualism vs. Collectivism Dimension, Trompenaars’s (1998) Seven Dimensions of Culture, GLOBE authors (House et al., 2004), etc. which will have more evidences to argue the high and low context culture, which prove the disadvantages of Hall’s model. K ramsch (1993) proposes that high context culture often has too much emphasis on the human feelings, by rule of people instead of the legal system, which often lack of efficiency on operation. While low context culture emphasize on the rationality, and fall into the mechanical and rigid in the process of execution. 3.4 The Cases of Business Communication on High Context Culture and Low Context Culture of Hall According to the above analysis and critically evaluate of Hall’s high and low context model, this report will provide the example of business communication such as AUDI’s official website in different countries which are South Korea and China (high context culture) and Sweden and Canada (low context culture) as below. AUDI is the world famous luxury car brand, and is also one of the world’s most successful brands in Germany which sells all over the world. As following, this report will illustrate the different performance of AUDI’s official website in different countries of high and low context culture. 3.4.1 AUDI in China When opening the official website of AUDI in China as show in Appendix of Figure 1, on the background of red jump into the view of consumers, because this is the Chinese Spring Festival recently, the red represents the good fortune and the best wishes, which brings the Chinese customers to the impact on the vision. The forms of picture is rendered on dynamic and the second picture (see Appendix of Figure 2) reflects the activity of valentine’s day which is to buy a car to present the luxurious gift, the text on the image is that ‘ their holiday is a day, every day of your holiday is youth ‘, the company uses the reserved words to express that AUDI’s provide the activity of presenting the gifts when the customers purchase the car, rather than directly express the activity content (AUDI, n.d.). Because Chinese people can find deeper meaning in the process of watching pictures, and it also embodies that the communication type of AUDI in high context culture of China. In addition, the AUDI in China’s official website use more gorgeous and colorful images, which also reflects the Chinese pay attention to the visual enjoyment and feeling in the process of cultural communication. 3.4.2 AUDI in Sweden Compared with the business communication of AUDI in China, Sweden as the low context culture country, the official website of AUDI provides more compact words and single color of picture (AUDI, n.d.), which do not like the picture in China website which has the red background, it mainly has the color of black and white(see the Figure 3 in Appendix). Each picture has the link to transfer another page which has long paragraph to introduce the car in detail (see the Figure 4 in Appendix). This also reflects that the AUDI  according to the low context culture of Sweden to implement the special business communication. It is different from South Korea and China, the home page of AUDI in Sweden utilize the simple words and single color pictures to present the clear information about the performance and type of car, which satisfy the requirement of low context culture in Sweden because in the business communication, Swedish prefers to choose the direct information of car to help them to fi nd the new product. 3.4.3 AUDI in South Korea The official website of AUDI in South Korea is similar with the design style of AUDI in China. Because South Korea also belongs to the high context culture, the style of website is simple and laconic, there are little words to decorate the pictures. When open the AUDI’s official website in South Korea, it is the advertising video about â€Å"The New Audi A3 Sedan†, advertising is not directly express the car’s performance and technology, just using the vivid images and implicit text which is â€Å"it changes everything† to make the metaphor of the perfect performance of the car, and will let the customer to love it (AUDI, n.d.). Because South Koreans are also high context culture, Korean customers can easily understand the meaning of advertisement. Besides, while browsing the web, the customer will find that every picture below has the button which can be directly connected to Facebook, Twitter and YouTube (see Figure 5 in Appendix). It is convenient for c ustomers to search and share the interesting video content, it also can help company for indirect propaganda and increase the pleasure of Korean consumers (Wà ¼rtz, 2005). All design of website presents a wonderful and luxuriant content, this is because the Korean tends to present their own information to the others in the process of communication, and they also hope that to grasp more information slowly through their own understanding, which reflects the features of high context culture. 3.4.4 AUDI in Canada When browsing the home page of AUDI in Canada, the design of web page is simple and clear. (see the Figure 6 in Appendix). Although there are four rolling images in automatic replacement, but the contents on the picture are also very compact (AUDI, n.d.). As well as to introduce the AUDI’s new car which is â€Å"The New AUDI A3 Sedan†, on the South Korea website is an  advertising film and implicative words to express, while in Canada website which is the publicity pictures of the car and write the sentence directly on the picture which is â€Å"The all – New 2015 A3 Sedan is coming â€Å". (see the Figure 7 in Appendix). This is associated with the culture of Canada, because Canada is part of low context culture country, when they make business communication, Canadians prefer straightforward way to express their opinions, that is the reason why the website information of AUDI in Canada is only about the direct introduction. The color of the website design is very single (AUDI, n.d.), but each propaganda of picture has a link to analyse the detail about the information of product, which to help customers to understand the performance of the car better. It conforms the simple and direct cultural factors of Canada. 4. Conclusions This report is as the aim of cross-cultural communication to discuss the high context culture and low context culture model of Hall. Firstly, this report defines and explains the Hall’s high and low context culture and its features. Then, based on the traits of model, it gives some cases of countries such as South Korea and China which belongs to high context culture and Sweden and Canada which are the representative of low context culture and also introduce their communication way that prove the practicability of Hall’s model. Furthermore, although the model has more contribution to the research of cross-cultural communication, on the basis of the research of some scholars, some weaknesses of this model will be reported. In order to realize different business communication in different countries, this report provides the performances of AUDI’s official website in South Korea, China, Sweden and Canada, which respectively belongs to high context culture and low co ntext culture. In AUDI’s official website, it clearly shows that in South Korea and China, the website reflects the high context culture which utilizes more the rolling pictures and the simple words to show the significant activities of company which can reflect the AUDI’s excellent services. While in Sweden and Canada, the communication style of AUDI’s official website is simple and brief, and directly put the performance of cars on the pictures, which embody the business communication of AUDI in low context culture country. The success  of AUDI incarnates the availability of Hall’s model. 5. References Ahmed, T., et al. (2009) Website design guidelines: High power distance and high-context culture. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 2(1), 47-60. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in China. [WWW] Available from: http://www.audi.cn/cn/brand/zh.html . [Accessed 15/02/2014]. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in Canada. [WWW] Available from: http://www.audi.ca/ca/brand/en.html . [Accessed 15/02/2014]. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in South Korea. [WWW] Available from: http://www.audi.co.kr/kr/brand/kn.html . [Accessed 15/02/2014]. AUDI. (n.d) AUDI in Sweden [WWW] Available from: http://www.audi.se/se/brand/sv.html . [Accessed 15/02/2014]. Avruch, K. (2004). Culture as context, culture as communication: Considerations for humanitarian negotiators. Harv. Negot. L. Rev., 9, 391. Chua, E. G. and Gudykunst, W. B. (1987) Conflict resolution styles in low-and high-context cultures. Communication Research Reports, 4(1). Dozier, J. B., et al. (1998) Need for approval in low-context and high-context cultures: A communication s approach to cross-cultural ethics. Teaching Business Ethics, 2(2), 111-125. Hall, E. (1976) Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday. 1976. p.101. Hall, E., & Hall, M. (1990) Understanding cultural differences: Germans, French and Americans. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press. Hofstede, G. (2008) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. House, R., et al. (2004) Culture, Leadership, and Organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Jarvenpaa, S. L., et al. (1999) Consumer trust in an Internet store: A cross†cultural validation. Journal of Computer†Mediated Communication, 5(2), 0-0. Kim, D., et al. (1998) High†versus low†Context culture: A comparison of Chinese, Korean, and American cultures. Psychology & Marketing, 15(6), 507-521. Kramsch, C. (1993) Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford University Press. Koeszegi, S., et al. (2004) National cultural differe nces in the use and perception of internet-based NSS: does high or low context matter?. International Negotiation, 9(1), 79-109. Lustig, M. W. and Koester, J. (1999) Interpersonal competence: Interpersonal communications across cultures. Moran, R. T., et al. (2007) Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Niemeier, S., etc. (1998) The cultural context in business communication. John Benjamins Publishing. Salleh, L. M. (2005). High/low context communication: the Malaysian Malay style. In Proceedings of the 2005 Association for Business Communication Annual Convention (pp. 1-11). Association for Business Communication. Trompenaars, F. (1998) Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. McGraw Hill, New York, 1998. Wà ¼rtz, E. (2005). A cross-cultural analysis of websites from high-context cultures and low-context cultures. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article-13. 6. Appendix Figure 1: AUDI China Figure 2: AUDI China Figure 3: AUDI Sweden Figure4: AUDI Sweden Figure 5: AUDI South Korea Figure 6: AUDI Canada Figure 7: AUDI Canada

Dracula Seen in New Eyes - 760 Words

Dracula Seen in New Eyes Dracula by Bram Stoker which is written in the style of journal entries, newspaper clippings, and other forms of personal narratives from various characters, and their viewpoints of the peculiar events surrounding them. There are many interpretations of this novel, many different viewpoints on the themes of the novel. Carol Senf, wrote an essay called Dracula: The Unseen Face in the Mirror. In this interpretation, there are many different viewpoints and ideas about Dracula. There are many ways to interpret and argue the validity of an argument, in Dracula: The Unseen Face in the Mirror, I agree with Senf’s argument. It is valid and makes a point, one never sees the viewpoint of Dracula, but of the other characters who have a bias to destroy Dracula. In Dracula: The Unseen Face in the Mirror, written by Carol Senf’s, is a critical analysis of Bram Stoker’s Dracula. There are many points that are made throughout the critical analysis of this beloved novel. One point, on the basis of the unreliability of the narrators. For instance, Senf states, â€Å"†¦Stoker provides several clues to their unreliability and encourages the reader to see the frequent discrepancies between their proposed beliefs and their actions† (Senf 423). Carol Senf argues in her essay, that Jonathan Harker, could have been prejudice against the customs of the Transylvanian lifestyle. Whether it be the way he documented in side notes, the peculiar recipes, or the way Harker wouldShow MoreRelatedEssay about In Technologies of Monstrosity1430 Words   |  6 Pages Dracula: The Metaphor for Late Victorian-Crisis Jarae Comstock Reinhardt University This paper was prepared for IDS 306 for Dr. Little Dracula: The Metaphor for Late Victorian-Crisis Bram Stokers, Dracula, from the late-Victorian era, is one of the best stories of vampire folklore. Dracula was tall, dark, handsome, and mysterious with immense sexual character. 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Bram Stoker also was influenced by his lifetime, before the publication of Dracula, Gothic and Epistolary novels were on the rise hence why Dracula is classified as both. Stoker’s life as a Victorian can be seen in his views on social and politicalRead MoreTuberculosis As A Lethal Disease1388 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis, also known as â€Å"consumption† was a lethal disease that started spreading rapidly from family to family in parts of New England in the 18th and 19th centuries. However, not much was known about the disease in those times, leading people to start to suspect that vampires were the cause of the deaths. In an effort to protect their families and community, some people resorted to old-folk remedies, rooted from Europe. They exhumed the bodies of deceased relatives who died of consumption andRead MoreThe Transition Of Vampires By Cole Bowman1462 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom humans but also because they are selfish and will do anything to get what they want. 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Stoker’s background including childhood sickness, college athletic career, and interests in the supernatural found in the various folklore along with influence from his mentor Walt Whitman and the EnlightenmentRead MoreBlood Spurts From The Female Vampire s Chest1515 Words   |  7 Pageschest, as her human lover drives the stake further and further into her heart. The scene where Lucy is killed can be interpreted in different ways due to the varying interpretations of blood. One way to interpret blood and vampirism in Bram Stoker’s Dracula is through the psychoanalytical critical lens. In this interpretation, blood symbolizes sexual fluid and vampires are a metaphor for eroticism. The novel was written in Vict orian England, which had strict morals regarding female sexuality. In an article

Descriptive Essay The Big Ticket - 850 Words

Early December in the South never feels like real winter. Accordingly, the temperature was hovering around 60 degrees on that overcast day in Jacksonville. I was accompanying my friend and her mother to my first music festival, The Big Ticket. Looking back, I remember the lively event with a strange mix of repugnance and fondness. After a talkative ride in my friend’s worn PT cruiser, we arrived at the dilapidated parking lot for the festival. I shrunk down in my seat as my friend’s mom honked her horn at rogue pedestrians; the faint, dying goose sound proved largely ineffective. Once we found a parking spot, we climbed out of the car and made our way to the ticket line, kicking up loose dust with every step. The air was cooler at the festival; I felt the hairs stand at attention on my bare arms. After getting through the ticket booth, we shoved our way through the choked masses of alternative adolescents. My ears picked up the boisterous voices of vendors advertising cheap concert memorabilia: buttons, hoodies, jewelry, t-shirts, sunglasses, key chains, and a few scandalous items. Struggling to keep up with my party, I gingerly avoided physical contact with the girls, boys, and people in between who were surrounding me. Afraid to make eye contact but fascinated nonetheless, I gaped at the unfamiliar crowd. Their hair was either dyed vibrant colors, shaved into swirls, or hidden under beanies. The boys wore skinny-jeans and converse sneakers. The girlsShow MoreRelatedchallenges of full service airline facing today1120 Words   |  5 Pagesare facing different challenges including the increasing competition, market shifts and the change of customer needs. 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The crude images are very descriptive and add a sense of reality to the story. †¢ â€Å"Little by little the scene grew plain: towering, black building here and there, long rows of shops and sheds, little railways branching everywhere, bare gray cinders under foot and oceans of billowingRead MoreDescriptive Writing Samples6140 Words   |  25 PagesGCSE ENGLISH LANGUAGE UNIT 3: DESCRIPTIVE WRITING The Descriptive Writing task in Unit 3 is worth 7.5% of the subject award and is marked out of 20. The mark given for each of the examples provided is supported by comments related to the criteria given in the specification for (i) Content Organisation; (ii) Sentence Structure, Punctuation Spelling. 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Critical Approaches Of Creative Media Products - 2212 Words

Critical Approaches to Creative Media Products Now, one of the many ways that most businesses and mediums find their target audience, is that by narrowing down the audience/customers/consumers to find the specific target audience that they want, it’s always best to find a demographic that fits the profile on what medium they are producing for. Resulting in better results and better profit and an overall success, but this doesn’t ensure that large groups of their target audience are interested One of many things that are to be taken into consideration when target profiling is: Subjective research: Qualitative research is a more forthright and personal technique for media producers to discover their intended interest group. This strategy requires the media producer or somebody working for them to solicit individuals from the public that will offer them assistance with defining their target audiences, this should be possible through various strategies, for example, centre gatherings, surveys or face to face interviews. As I would like to think this crowd profiling strategy is exceptionally helpful (specifically to media/documentary producers) since it permits the media producers to be extremely definite in what they need to discover from people in general, a percentage of the inquiries they could ask would be what is your favourite channel? or What is your most loved type of documentary?. It is additionally a more secure technique for defining the targetShow MoreRelatedLearning Increase Future Employability Of Students753 Words   |  4 Pagesconsider how to adapt quickly in response. 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Analysis and Discussion of the Nature of Team Building Process Free Essays

string(68) " can become long and drawn out and members lose interest and focus\." I have just been appointed as a Manager of a Department within a new company. My role will be to develop a new work group of twelve into an effective and cohesive business team. The aim of this paper will be to analyse and discuss the nature of the teambuilding process. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis and Discussion of the Nature of Team Building Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will look at the various components involved in this process, from Leadership Styles and communication methods to decision-making, planning, and group dynamics. Within the context of this framework I will attempt to integrate several academic models and theories in order to clarify my own ideas on the teambuilding process. Finally, I will focus on my own personal style of leadership and motivational techniques. Would I have been able to lead the team to achieve its maximum potential? Have I achieved a good balance between directing group actions and giving the group the freedom to make their own choices? Ultimately, have I been honest enough with the group to gain their trust and respect? The most important aspect in the initial teambuilding phase is time spent on planning. Before the team meets as a group it will be necessary to clearly define the reason for the team’s existence. What will be their function within the context of the organisations future strategies? As Coghlan (1994,) states: † Groups and teams play a key role in the process of planned organisational change. The change process typically involves teams in the organisation’s hierarchy responding to the change agenda and adapting to it in terms of its tasks and processes. †    I think it is essential at this stage to also consider which leadership style gives me the best opportunity to obtain maximum effectiveness for the group. The previous questions identify several separate issues i.e. what tasks will the group have to perform and how will this affect individuals within the group? John Adair (1985) identifies the relationship between the task, the group and the individual (see fig. 1) and how a balance must be maintained between all three in order to produce the most effective results for the organisation. Fig.1 Interaction of needs within the group. ( Adair, 1985) In order to fulfil each of these needs it is necessary to obtain a high degree of information, and to establish lines of communication. My first task will be to identify the companies strategy and what requirements they have for the team. Will the team have to report back specifically to anyone, or will there be a certain level of group autonomy? It will also be necessary to define the boundaries/parameters that the team will be required to work within. I will also establish what resources are available i.e. money, information, time and materials. Will we have use of a secretary for notetaking and access to a suitable room for team meetings? Once the issues of task have been established I will then explore the expectations and experiences of the individuals who will comprise the group. Schutz (1958) argues that it is possible to determine how well a group will come together by looking at the compatibility of the individuals within that group. In order to match personality types and balance skill levels it is useful to look at the work of Meredith Belbin (1993) whose research offers a typology of team roles and behaviour (fig. 2). Each team member would be required to complete Belbin’s Self-Perception Inventory before the meeting. Tyson and Jackson (1992) further categorised Belbin’s original eight roles into subsections of people, task and ideas. They identified the wide range of differences in personality and character those individual team members would bring to a group, this in turn enables predictions to be made about the possible strengths and weaknesses in group dynamics. I think that it would also be a useful tool for team members to understand their own unique attributes that they bring to the team. These one to one meetings will be a good opportunity to express to team members an outline of the companies objectives and to get a feel for their own expectations and interests. I would also emphasise that within the team a level of parity will exist, irrespective of external hierarchies, and that I would always be available if individual members felt that decisions taken within the group were causing external pressures. My final task before organising the first team meeting would be to get each member to briefly write down what their levels of expertise and experience are and a short outline about themselves, plus relevant e-mail addresses and telephone numbers (if they have access). This initial pattern of communication is comparable to ‘the wheel’ Mullins (1999) where the leader acts as a central conduit through which all parties communicate and indirectly are all linked. My eventual aim however would be to decentralise this communication method and achieve ‘the all-channel network’ Mullins (1999). The latter system requires that all members of the team interact with each other. I would hope that this system would produce an environment where all members feel comfortable enough to express themselves freely, and that the communication channels promote the free exchange of ideas. The next stage in the teambuilding cycle is the team meeting. This will require a certain amount of planning and consideration. This preparation will hopefully convey a level of professionalism and intent to each of the team members. Because the team are new to each other, and to me, I will be trying to gain their trust and promote confidence in the project. It is essential to ensure that everyone will be able to attend the meeting. I would plan for weekly meetings initially on one dedicated afternoon (probably Monday). This would allow the team to clear their schedule well in advance. Regular attendance demonstrates a level of commitment and promotes team unity, which is vitally important at this stage. It is also important to have an agenda with a time-scale built in, meetings can become long and drawn out and members lose interest and focus. You read "Analysis and Discussion of the Nature of Team Building Process" in category "Essay examples" Team members should be notified well in advance of the meeting, either by e-mail or memo. The initial phase of the meeting will allow the team to introduce themselves. This will then be followed by my own introduction, and a presentation which would emphasise the organisations goals and objectives (It might be necessary to invite someone from senior management to give a short introduction to the project, and to stress the importance of the teams involvement). I would then encourage the group to establish a team mission/charter, which would give the team focus, and would also help to develop team identity. It is important that members do not feel alienated because they are unable to link their work with overall organisational goals Maslow (1954). At the end of this talk I will introduce two more concepts to the group. The idea here is to increase awareness in the teambuilding process, whether through improved decision making or more efficient problem solving. The first is the observation sheet Mullins (pg.498, 1999). This is a feedback mechanism on individual participation, and could be a useful tool in future weeks. The sheet is a simple method for giving constructive feedback. However, in order to promote a non-judgemental environment it would be necessary to employ an independent assessor to undertake this role. Secondly I would introduce Tuckman’s (1965) ‘Team Development Wheel’. The wheel looks at change in the group process and focuses on the dynamics of a team’s development. Tuckman identifies four different stages that should be accomplished in order to attain group maturity. The stages are: At stage one, Forming, the team has many questions, concerns. There are certain anxieties like, where do they fit into the group? Why am I here? Who are the other team members? Will I be able to get all my questions answered? It is important at this stage that the Team Leader has prepared well enough to reassure everyone by providing suitable answers and by providing a framework whereby individuals will have a better understanding of what they are expected to contribute. Belbin’s (1993) team analysis could be usefully deployed at this stage. At stage two, Storming, the group may find difficulties occur as the team attempts to assert identity. Personal differences will emerge on the proposed direction that the group should take. This is a particularly difficult stage as competition and jealousy can cause other members to feel demotivated and to question their need to belong to the team. I would try to foster an open and honest forum. I would attempt to decrease my own influence on the decision making process and encourage the team to work their way through any difficulties, and hope that other leaders may emerge to offer further support. At stage three, Norming, a more cohesive unit will emerge. Team members will have developed more confidence in the group, there is a greater sense of belonging. Member’s opinions are more readily accepted, and preconceived ideas are diluted in order to achieve common consent. At this point I can act more as a facilitator, providing occasional feedback, but allowing the group to formulate and expedite their own decisions. Finally at stage four, Performing, the group will have achieved a high state of maturity. A supportive and trust based ethos permeates the group. Tasks are tackled effectively, and the group has a flexible and resourceful approach to decision making and problem solving. My role at this point would still be as a facilitator, able to offer experience and advice when required. Each stage provides the group with insight into the various mechanisms’ that are required to allow the teambuilding process to progress. By understanding the process the team will perhaps be more adaptable to change and work more fluently towards achieving team goals. It is vital that team unity is established at the earliest opportunity. It’s important that team members leave this first meeting with a positive attitude to what they are being asked to accomplish. The team mission will outline the team’s objectives, and members will be encouraged to share ideas and communicate with each other or through me. A further way to improve team unity is through the use of teambuilding exercises and training programs. Teambuilding exercises will give the group a chance to deal with real issues in a safe environment. They encourage the group to respond as a collective unit to achieve results and they assist with team bonding and individual growth. Taking this concept a step further, I would schedule a two to three day weekend away from the company, and invest a portion of the resources (if they are available) in a practical teambuilding exercise program. This type of weekend would focus on team issues like trust, respect, and empowerment, and would improve interpersonal relationships and promote strong partnerships. I would arrange this time away in the first month of the project. Training would be tailored to reflect my leadership style, whereby, I would empower the team with the freedom to make decisions within defined parameters Murdock (1999). I would arrange training sessions to deal ! with the two complementary key issues required for this process, i.e. communication and decision-making. With empowerment comes a level of responsibility; a responsibility that each team member would have towards each other to listen effectively and give constructive feedback. Team members must provide each other with feedback on whether their performance enhances the team’s performance or impedes it. To do this they need an understanding of non-verbal communication and effective listening skills. Regular training sessions could provide each member with key skills. I would try to initiate some kind of training budget, specifically for the team, in order that this program of improvements could be accomplished. How to cite Analysis and Discussion of the Nature of Team Building Process, Essay examples

Business Process Modelling Notation

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Process Modelling Notation. Answer: AS IS Process Diagram for Selling Goods Business Process The AS IS process diagram in BPN for the selling business process over the Internet has been designed. This particular diagram simply portrays the set of complex set of web services those are implemented while the business operations are taken place during selling goods with the help of the different web services. Figure: AS IS Process for Selling Goods Business Process (eStore) Source: Created by Author The advantages of the AS IS process of selling goods can be classified in the following points: Inventory Turnover Management: the AS IS process of selling goods can provide the benefit of smart inventory management and turnover (Rainer et al. 2013). The Checking Stock Level would make sure that the inventory stocks are not being spoilt or rummaged in the operations. The primary benefits of using the inventory system are that it would ease the inventory management and processing of the stock and also would reduce the chances of excess stock storage. Easy Payment and Invoice generation: The AS IS process would also help in easing the process of invoicing for the organization (Keresman et al. 2012). It would help in tracking the ordered item and the customers can select from a variety of payment options like PayPal, Credit or Debit Cards, or cash on delivery. The Disadvantages of using the AS IS Process is: Expensive in comparison: The AS IS system has many advantages over the primary system of trading (Hammad and Dixon 2013.). However it has only one flaw when compared to the traditional commerce system. It is expensive as the system has many components and requirements for management of the whole system. The system consists of many parts such as order received system, payment connection, security, and shipment. Constant need for updating: The AS IS system requires constant monitoring and updating for making sure that the operations are completed successfully (Nguyen et al. 2013). The system would be updated ate regular interval of time. Reference Chinosi, M. and Trombetta, A., 2012. BPMN: An introduction to the standard.Computer Standards Interfaces,34(1), pp.124-134. Hammad, A. and Dixon, P., 2013.Smart sign mobile transit fare payment. U.S. Patent 8,376,227. Keresman III, M.A., Bhagavatula, R., Balasubramanian, C. and Sherwin, F.M., CardinalCommerce Corporation, 2012.Secure and efficient payment processing system with account holder defined transaction limitations. U.S. Patent 8,170,954. Nguyen, L.D., Nelson, C.S. and Quach, C., Visa International Service Association, 2013.System and method for uniquely identifying point of sale devices in an open payment network. U.S. Patent 8,600,881. Rademakers, T., 2012.Activiti in Action: Executable business processes in BPMN 2.0. Manning Publications Co.. Rainer, R.K., Cegielski, C.G., Splettstoesser-Hogeterp, I. and Sanchez-Rodriguez, C., 2013.Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business. John Wiley Sons.