Indonesian Culture Essay

Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit(shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat, ulos and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling. The most popular sports are badminton and football. Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men’s badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the country’s premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art. Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents. Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients. Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. The Indonesian film industry’s popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, although it declined significantly in the early 1990s. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased. The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians; and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia’s most famous novelist. Many of Indonesia’s peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities. Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto’s rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media. The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008, Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009. More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27 percent of them are local brands.

A Just Society

A just society is a type of society that promotes the well being of everyone in the society. It makes it possible for people to pursue their common good. It protects people from external harm.This kind of society does not live in a state of anarchy but strives to create a utopian society. (Quigley, 1961) For a society to live in harmony and peace, there are some rights and freedom that the people are entitled to which makes them work towards a just society. For instance certain rights and liberties must be granted such as political liberties. (Quigley, 1961) This involves expansion of democratic space and institutions and the press should enjoy its freedom.The people and political activists must have freedom of speech as well as freedom of assembly. Other freedoms are; association, the rights and freedoms within the rule of law (Rawls, 1993)).The freedom to set people free and protect them from slavery, freedom to move around without intimidation or fear, and freedom to work based on one’s decision as long as the occupation is within the law. Other liberty is of conscience since it greatly impacts on the social relationships rooted in philosophy, morality and religion. (Rawls, 1971)If the people are not given certain rights and liberties to enjoy, they are likely to rebel and cause chaos. The rebellion is used as a way of asserting their authority in the matter and coerces the existing institutions to accord them their rights. (Rawls, 1971)Civil DisobedienceOne way through which people demonstrate their dissatisfaction with the way the society is run. If a society does not have social, political institutions which can be informal or formal, and proper economic structures it is likely to experience civil disobedience. A society which is dominated by civil disobedience is not just. This is because people do not have respect for the law or other structures put in place in the society for the well being of all. (Rawls, 1993)  Corruption is one indicator of a society which is not just due to civil disobedience. For instance, well connected individuals and influential politicians abuse the existing social and political structures and amasses wealth for themselves at the expense of the common man. This has led to widening disparity between the rich and the poor. (Quigley, 1961) Such individuals have means of influencing higher authorities and therefore they are able to access public funds and other resources for their own personal gains. (Atkinson, 1982)As a result, there has been public outcry and desire to throw such people out of the government and public offices that they hold. Members of the society have resulted in staging demonstrations to express their grievances. The money which is stolen from the public coffers is meant to develop he society and generate stable sources of income for the society. (Rawls, 1993)There have been untold crimes being committed by young people as a result of civil disobedience of those in higher autho rities. Corruption which is a fruit of civil disobedience, has made the young   people to commit crimes after being rewarded handsome rewards by their sponsors, who are usually well connected individuals.Despite the evils committed, these individuals are not charged with any offence because they can influence and manipulate the judicial system. According to Rawl, he asserted everyone is in possession of an undisputable desire for justice; the society’s welfare as a whole can’t underestimate it. Therefore lack of justice, breeds acts of corruption and some people are denied freedom and yet others share a greater good. The coercion assumes that the citizens are reasonable. (Rawls, 1993)The commission for human rights does not do much to promote the rights of the people and thus the level of civil disobedience has increased overtime. The commission should look into the causes of corruption and tackle the problem from the grassroots. For instance, it is believed that som e of the causes of corruption are greed for wealth, low income levels, loose moral values, and lack of accountability on those handling financial matters. (Atkinson, 1982)Corruption has also led to inequality and total disregard of human rights. Equality and human rights are the basic concepts towards a just society. The human rights are evident in the way people live their everyday lives at all levels of the society. The social structure needs to cater for the needs of everyone to avoid corruption at low levels before it graduates to higher levels. For example transparency should be emphasized right from primary school and rewards should not be given to people for committing evil. (Rawls, 1993)The most notable forms of corruption involve massive looting of the public funds which translate into billions of dollars and sale of public corporations. Others involve embezzlement of money meant to pay employees. This contributes to unjust society. (Quigley, 1961)

4th Nine Weeks Test #1 Flashcards Example for Free

4th Nine Weeks Test #1 What is the background/purpose for Paul Revere’s ride? -Purpose: Inform people about a historical event, and tell them why it’s important now -Background: Paul Revere rode through a bunch of Massachusetts cities to tell people that the British were coming to invade them. Describe the plot line for â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, Exposition -Exposition: This story takes place during the deep night of April 18, 1775. It is in different places in Massachusetts such as the Charlestown shore, Medford, Lexington, and Concord. It’s about Paul Revere and his friend, who lived in the early American colonies. Describe the plot line for â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, Rising Action -Rising Action: He talked to his friend in the evening about how ready the would be if the British came. Just as the moon rose, a British ship, The Somerset, appeared over the bay. The friend heard the ship. He ran to the Old North Church and hung up 2 lanterns, because the British came by sea. Paul Revere saw that his friend had hung up the lanterns, so he took off fearlessly to warn people. Paul Revere warned different cities (Medford/midnight, Lexington/one am, Concord/2 am Describe the plot line for â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, Climax -Climax: The narrator described that even though the British came in strong, the farmers fought back hard. The farmers won and the British retreated. Describe the plot line for â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, Falling Action -Falling Action: The narrator summarizes everything that happened Describe the plot line for â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†, Denoument -Denoument: The narrator, as well as summarizes everything that happened, says that the history of this event is very important to our nation. We will always remember what Paul Revere did. Describe the setting of â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†. Night of April 18, 1775 in Massachusetts Describe the characters of â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride†. Paul Revere, his friend, people of Charlestown, Medford, Lexington, Concord Contrast between the peaceful night and the violence of the approaching revolution. â€Å"Paul Revere’s Ride† Peaceful night for the farmers until Paul Revere came in and described that there would be a lot of violence coming-the British were looking to conquer and kill. What is the impact on the reader of the the narrative poem focus in on one person, Paul Revere, instead of a group of people who actually completed the night’s task? If it weren’t for Paul Revere, the people who completed the task wouldn’t have even known that the British were coming. He was one of the key parts of keeping America alive. What are the basics of Abraham Lincoln’s historical impact and assassination? Good president, but was beaten down a lot. Was with the North in the Civil War, and was against slavery. Was shot at the Ford Theatre, died the next day. Why were there so many details in the literature read about Abraham Lincoln? (assassination story) It was important to the whole story. It was vital to understanding all that happened and making sense of it all. Describe how there was a foreshadowing of Abraham Lincoln’s assassination. Abraham Lincoln had a dream about it Describe how the tone and effectiveness of â€Å"Oh Captain! My Captain!† by Walt Whitman would make somebody like it more. It was a poem, and it wasn’t as gory as the other story. It rhymed, and it helped me to understand a lot of what happened from the people’s perspective. Many American citizens had a connection with President Lincoln, and they were devastated when he died. He was leading the country in the right direction. Describe the extended metaphor in â€Å"Oh Captain! My Captain!†. They treated President Lincoln like the captain of the ship, and he was lying on the deck of the ship dead. What was Walt Whitman’s purpose for writing the poem, â€Å"Oh Captain! My Captain!† It gave a real sense of what it was like to lose the president. We read about it in different stories, but it’s different to see it from this perspective. What was something significant happening in the country during Mark Twain’s life? What was the event that set off Mark Twain’s job hunt and adventures? Describe Mark Twain’s personality/writing style. He’s a humorous writer, and a little quirky in a sense. He’s very philosophical, and tries to come up with morals for his stories. Why is Mark Twain let go from his jobs mentioned prior to his 2nd attempt at mining in his personal narrative? He never put any thought into them. Why did Mark Twain walk away from writing for good? He died. He never â€Å"walked away from writing†, except for two short times while writing Huckleberry Finn. What is a fable, and what is it’s purpose? Characters being animals that have personalities and traits like humans, has a moral lesson, generally written for children Mocking political figures, exaggeration to bring about change, points out flaws in a person, society, or idea. Gives inanimate objects human traits What is Twain suggesting about art critics through the words and actions of his animal characters? He’s suggesting that everybody is entitled to their own opinions. Art critics criticize paintings that other people think are beautiful. â€Å"You know something that I don’t know†, in a drama setting, specific irony happens, and it’s normally where the viewer knows what’s going to happen because it’s set up that way, and the people in the movie don’t. What was the significance of the cat’s description of a mirror in Mark Twain’s fable? The significance was that it showed the reader that maybe the cat didn’t know as much as he thought he knew. Each animal is eager to test the mirror after hearing about other’s experiences in Mark Twain’s fable. What does this reveal about human nature? Everybody wants to be right and prove the other wrong. What is the moral of Mark Twain’s fable? You can find in a text whatever you bring, if you will stand between it and the mirror of your imagination. You may not see your ears, but they will be there. realism and mark twain A Presidential Candidate Mark Twain Mark Twain "Advice to Little Girls" and "Invalid's Story" Mark Twain Gilded Age Notable People and famous quotes Samuel Clemens - Mark Twain Vocab Quiz - Mark Twain, Story of an Hour, Poems, and Wagner Matinee english// mark twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Chapters 4-7 Mark Twain Biography company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints We will write a custom sample essay on 4th Nine Weeks Test #1 specifically

Statistical critique Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical critique - Statistics Project Example The use of time use surveys as a statistical tool in this kind of research was very appropriate since time expenditure is a good indicator of work intensity and therefore allowed the researcher to effectively investigate the human activities and behavioral patterns. Programme) provided the author with the best national data set regarding time use. There is however a serious concern regarding the use of statistical observations that were recorded prior to 1970s particularly in countries that were once part of the former Soviet Union. This is primarily because most of these countries had not developed elaborate family policies until after 1970s. Another potential limitation of using MTUS in the research was the fact that the scale used is not sufficiently precise to accurately measure the time spent on particular tasks since it only record data on a range of between 55% and 95%. Page 1492, first paragraph under â€Å"Measures†: the researcher chose to only use the heavily performed tasks such as housework and cooking time as the dependable variables during statistical analysis of the data in the study. The significance of the author’s choice of variables was based on the fact that they were universally performed in all the countries under the survey and were generally gender specialized. The other statistical variables such as child care time were considered to be less significant as compared to housework and cooking time. The author primarily focused on the major domestic chores that are in some areas regarded as female household chores. Although this was fairly appropriate, the researcher should have made a clear distinction between the daily chores and the other non daily routines to ensure the accuracy of the statistics. Additionally it would also be appropriate if the researcher highlighted some of the distinctions between high schedule tasks

Comparitive Criminal Justice from a Global Standpoint Research Paper

Comparitive Criminal Justice from a Global Standpoint - Research Paper Example Based on these points of view, the shifts in crime control are mainly the outcomes of the internal pressures of development, notwithstanding temporal and spatial realities. Second, the world system assumptions have argued that present developing nations are reliant upon, and to differing extents, developed nations. Thus, the changes in crime control in any nation, despite of its developmental condition, are mainly the outcomes of external pressures, with respect to a shifting political economy. And lastly, the opportunity assumptions have disputed that crime control show a combination of developing physical resources and social contexts (Cochrane et al., 2004). Therefore, changes in crime patterns, throughout time, are mainly the outcomes of intermingling internal and external forces. And so it becomes clear: With globalization, international competition and exchanges of products and services, culture, knowledge and information emerges the global progress in crime control. However, these global growths are not unburdened by the domestic realities of politics, social change, nationalism and policies. Therefore, it is promoted in this paper that the completely integrative comparative discussion of crime control should consider these sets of forces, particularly as they interrelate with one another. From a global perspective, a depressing result of the weakening of the relationship between the East and the West has been the entry of disagreement, conflict and global crime. An outcome of the end of the Cold War during the recent decade has been the global increase in border and transnational crimes, particularly those related to the illegal exporting and importing of products and services. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the weakening of transnational regulations all over Eastern Europe, and the launching of the free

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Music - Essay Example For example, for Muslim, chanting of the Koran is not musical while for a Christian, chanting or any form of rhythm that has melodic structure is considered musical. Therefore, bringing together individuals in Eastern Europe can be a hard task. For the Southern America part, there exist many cultures that are diverse in nature and require to be united. The larger part is the Afro-American individuals, the Irish and the Southerners. The most dominant language used is English, although they have different cultural belief for music. While in china, there is not much of the variation of cultures apart from the various dynasties. As a result, most of their cultures are in harmony with each other. Managed culturalism has enabled the areas to be able to adapt various cultures in music. For example, the Chinese can perform South American music and vice versa. In some instances, some cultures have fused their music like form the Eastern Europe fused music with the Afro-Americans music. The ma in purpose for cultural fusion in music culture of these areas is to make their culture to be more diverse in nature. Music culture differs in these areas due to the varied instruments that they use, the harmonies that they use and the type of music that are chosen for each event. Western musical styles and their impacts to the rest of the world Western musical culture has remained a great influence to the rest of the world. Some may be the classical nature of their music that most of the world has currently adapted into their system. Western musical styles have been used in various ways as it can be evidenced that some schools form the Asian background and Africa are performing Scottish dances, classical pieces and even most of the playing games originated from the western musical style. The positive impact is that, the rest of the world is able to adapt to the various cultures of music from the rest of the world. It is advantageous to see Scottish dances being performed by an Afri can country and it also promotes cohesiveness and anti-racism. The negative impact is that, adoption of the western style of music has made most of the original cultures to be conjugated or some even have become lost hence, no original style of music for some cultures globally. Indian music culture Indian music culture has impacted greatly on the western culture. Indians have a diverse musical culture and diverse instruments. In most of their performances, they use wind instruments for performance and have very melodic lines that are in most cases highly pitched in nature. The west has adopted some of the music cultures from India. It is mainly the classical genres of pieces that have been most impacted by Indian Classical music. This is attributed to the fact that, most pieces from the Indian culture have been arranged by various western musicians such that they sound as classical pieces. Indonesian popular music has the similarities of popular music that are played currently. With modern music, there exists some form of rock fused with R and B which can be seen in Indian popular music. R and B is a characteristic that is evident in most of the upcoming popular music in Indonesia. Popular music has greatly changed most of the genres in the world. For example, Asian culture or tradition has been conjugated with popular characteristics of music, while some of the Asian cultures have been adapted to fit

Preformance Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Preformance Appraisal - Essay Example The book covers crucial elements of an effective performance review such as clear job expectations, training, and the establishment of performance-based rewards. This book provides useful information for understanding and developing effective performance appraisal systems, thus remain very crucial for every management scholar as well as practicing managers. This book outlines performance appraisal system aimed at enabling managers to appraise their employees effectively. The book identifies setting task objectives, documentation of employee performance, training employees, creating feedback mechanism and developing performance-reward system as some of the most crucial elements of an effective appraisal system. The book thus remains crucial for providing indispensible information about performance appraisal. In this book, Sims explores organisational performance in the dimension of employees. The author identifies employees as the main driver of organisational success. Sims proceed to explore performance appraisal as a means of boosting employee performance identifying specific elements of effective appraisal system that can ensure high level of employee performance and hence the performance of the overall

#1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

#1 - Essay Example As such, the seven sins as provided by Brown are applicable in describing the nature of man and the character that may dwell in him if controlled by them. Besides, Brown names seven virtues which are cardinals to human living. These, he relates to faith, hope charity, prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance. The temperance of a person determines the ability to take charge and respond to a situation properly and whether hot or cold, it must be controlled. By virtue, man lives by faith and hope, it is what keeps him going and living. In the event of acquiring more wealth, it is good to be helpful and have mercy to others. This is a true virtue of charity (Olsson, pg.80). The traits provided are guidelines to what human character should be based on. Like Mahatma Gandhi wrote, knowledge without character and science without humanity could be among the blunders that cause violence. It is also true to note that a society lacking the necessary virtues and possesses by the described sins may be a plagued

QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT Coursework

QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT - Coursework Example The  Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (OECD), founded in 1961, is an international economic organization dedicated to the global development. The mission of the OECD is to promote policies that will improve the economic and the social well-being of the people around the world. Initially in 1960, there were 18 European countries along with the United States and Canada, which joined hands to form an organization. Today, there are 34 member countries across the globe, including nationals from America, Europe and Asia-Pacific region. The OECD also works with emerging giants like China, India and Brazil and developing economics in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean to build a stronger, cleaner and fairer world. This report examines the life expectancy at birth in the OECD countries to see if there exists a difference in the life expectancy at birth between males and females in the OECD countries. Furthermore, this report will also examine whether there is an effect of economic indicators such as inflation rate, unemployment rate and gross domestic product on the life expectancy at birth in the OECD countries. The main hypotheses investigated are: The data are collected from the OECD Statistics database. The data are collected for the year 2011. There are four variables in the dataset; inflation rate, unemployment rate, gross domestic product and life expectancy at birth (total, males and females). All the variables are numerical variables measured on a ratio scale. There are 34 observations in the data. Table 1 summarizes about the data. The average inflation rate in the OECD countries in the year 2011 was 3.12% and vary from the mean by about 1.26%. About half of the OECD country’s inflation rate was above 3.32%. The range of inflation rate was 6.76% with maximum inflation rate being 6.47% for the Turkey and minimum inflation rate being -0.28% for

Grade Retention Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Grade Retention - Research Paper Example Same-age comparisons show no benefit that accrues to retention. Preconceptions play a strong role. Much critical commentary on retention reflects a hostile predisposition partly grounded in equity or fairness concerns (Appleton et al 174). Minority and disadvantaged children tend to be overrepresented in lower-track placements and are more likely to be held back than Whites or children from higher socioeconomic status families. "That is, simply having a student repeat a grade is unlikely to address the multiple factors influencing the students' poor achievement or adjustment that resulted in the decision to retain the student" (Jimerson 420). When children are separated along racial/ethnic and economic classes (even if the separation is based on educationally appropriate criteria) and then assigned disproportionately to tracks low in the school's hierarchy of prestige, the risk of harm is real. Whether a child should repeat a grade is the implicit question in most evaluations of rete ntion. Technical problems in evaluating retention's effectiveness are found. The studies just reviewed no doubt are flawed in some ways, as shortfall from the ideal is a given in researching this difficult topic. Beyond the same-grade-same-age issue for framing comparisons, there are further complications. For example, to make a fair comparison of a retained group with a nonretained group, the groups should be about equal in terms of ability test results and other relevant qualities before retention occurs (Jimerson 423). This is a large order because promoted children who test at the same level as retained children are not likely to be in other ways the same: if they were the same in all relevant respects, they presumably would also be retained. For example, those who are low in ability but nevertheless promoted may do well because they try hard or because they are more emotionally mature. Equating the two groups only in terms of ability or achievement test scores does not provide a fair comparison, because the later success of promoted students could be due to other qualities, not to their being spared the burden of retention (Harrington-Lueker 45). The best outcome, of course, would be for more youth to realize success in school the first time through, rather than need to recover by way of uncertain "second chance" opportunities. Unfortunately, in high-poverty school systems typically 30%-50% of children drop out. Critics state (Hoffman et al 173) that dropout rates are elevated among

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay Starts off in the present day when Amir receives a phone call from Rahim Khan in Pakistan telling him that he must go and see him. We are told about the events that made him who he is today and we also find out that the grown up Amir has moved to America. Key quotes: â€Å"I became what I am today at the age of twelve. † â€Å"there is a way to be good again â€Å"the hard ripped kite runner. † Flashbacks: The story is being told from end point December 2001, the rest is told as extended flashbacks such as techniques allows the reader to foreshow events which have not yet occurred, building dramatic tension. Two key characters- Ali and Hassan are introduced. Narrator: first person narrative shows only Amirs version of events, rather than those of other characters- all coloured by Amirs personal reactions and emotions. â€Å"The past claws its way out† – no matter how much you want to forget about it, you cant escape it. The use of the word claw carries an image of the theme of redemption. Chapter 2 Amir looks back on his relationship with Hassan. He looks back at the history of religion. We learn that amirs mother died giving birth to him whereas hassans mother ran away after she had him. Hassan is abused on the street for the way he looks. Images of the past: amir take us back to his childhood. The way Hassan is described shows that he is important to amir and is important to the man he has become. â€Å"a face like a chinese doll†- poetic imagery expresses the love he feels for Hassan. Theme of friendship: Amir tells of the time when him and Hassan would get into trouble and Hassan would always take the blame. The friendship is based on Hassan’s loyalty to amir. Amirs first word was ‘baba’ whereas hassans was ‘amir’. Theme of fathers and sons: introduced to baba who is amirs father. He is a powerful man and we are shown early signs of amirs attempts to gain his fathers approval. Both boys have absent mothers which makes everyoes relationship stronger. Theme of religion and ethnicity: ali and Hassan are members of the hazara ethnic group which is seen to be inferior to the Pashtun group. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 is about amir learning that he is not good enough for is father. We see that amir looks up to baba at the beginning of the chapter when we understand how proud amir is because his father did a very selfless thing and built an orphanage with his own money. We see that amir could probably gain more comfort from Rahim Khan than he could from his own father. Yet again, we also see that Hassan cares more for amir as he stands up fr him, but we know at this point that amir wouldn’t do the same for him. Amir wants to live up to his fathers success, we see that amir becomes jealous of baba and hassans relationship as he fights for his attention over Hassan. This results to cruelty to Hassan. Chapter 4 We understand that ali was adopted and brought up b baba’s family. Even though Hassan is amirs friend, he was still treated as a servant. Hassan loves to hear amirs stories, he was the one who encouraged him to write short stories. Baba didn’t want to hear amirs stories whereas Rahim Khan praised them. Setting: rich description of Kabul; colours, noises of the city creates a wild setting for the events of amirs childhood but also provides a basis for comparison when we are presented with a much changed Kabul later in the novel. The setting can be used to portray mood, plot and character. Symbolism: the power of reading- amirs reading to Hassan seems like a friendly act as his mother was a teacher. Amir doesn’t teach Hassan, instead he teases him by teaching him the wrong meaning of words. The pomegranate tree: shows the sweetness of the bond between the two boys who share fruit before amir reads to Hassan. The cemetery and tree are symbols which can be seen throughout the novel. Chapter 5 We see that even though amir isn’t always nice to Hassan.

Ethics Essay Essay Example for Free

Ethics Essay Essay What is Ethics? It is the binding good character, being respectful, and having trustworthiness amongst others. The topics that will be touched on is the differences between morality and ethical theories. Finally, I am going to touch on my personal experiences in relation to virtue, values, and moral concepts. Morality and ethics are almost one in the same in the greater scheme of things. They both work together to make up ethical decisions by a person. For example there are five key terms that breaks down the theories; which are Consequential, Egoism, Utilitarian, Act Utilitarian, and Rule Utilitarianism. Therefore, ethical theories and moral theories are broken down into two different categories consequential and non-consequential theories. Now what is the consequential theory exactly? The consequential theories basically mean, the result of a person’s behavior can result in either morally good consequences or morally bad consequences (Manias Monroe, 2013). The breakdown can go even further; in the simplest terms morality relates to non-consequential theories and ethical decisions lead to consequential theories. For example, an ethical decision could be a police officer runs a red light, without having police sirens on; the consequence is a law abiding citizen might be further dissatisfied with the police force in the area. A moral decision is basically the action of right and wrong; which is really not a consequence. The decision of right and wrong is decided on oneself feelings about a certain scenario or person at any given time. For example, a student cheats on a test; why does he or she cheat? One may ask, is this situation right or wrong. The judgment or verdict is for you to decide, whether it is the person themselves; has good morals or not. One of the three theories that relate to me is Utilitarian. I have two children and I am always constantly trying to them to be well mannered and teach them good aspects of life. I myself always want to produce the  greatest possible good out of everything. Whether it is teaching my children something or making someone else laughs. In conclusion, ethical decisions can lead to misunderstandings and have great consequences. Moral decisions decide right and wrong. My personal experiences relating to Utilitarian theories are something that I now know about. It hoped that this explanation will help the further understanding of the subject. References Page Manias, N., Monroe, D. (2013). Ethics Applied (7th ed.). http://about.nike.com/pages/sustainability

An Overview On Food Safety Management System Commerce Essay

An Overview On Food Safety Management System Commerce Essay In this chapter, several axes concerning the quality and the safety of food will be discussed. It is important to clarify these axes if one should research this field. To start, clarifying what is the definition of food safety is a must and what is meant by food safety, according to its importance, and what are the stages of the development of food safety concept throughout the food chain. Likewise, shifting to the concept of ISO 22000, the date of issue, the urgent need that derived its issue and what it includes from the requirements of food safety is a must, also management systems and the fundamentals that the system is based upon. Due to the talk in this chapter about food safety, ignoring the main foundation of food safety system which is HACCP and its effectiveness as running system to hold the safety of food cannot be done. Talking about the ISO 9000 system also will be done, and why many institutions applied both HACCP and ISO 9000, and why the HACPP system did not hold on b y its own keeping the quality of the food safety management system. Demonstrating the urgent need that lead institutions concerned with applying food safety systems to the necessity of running a system such as the ISO 22000 system instead of the HACCP system alone also will be done. The characteristics of applying the ISO 22000 system over the HACCP system alone will be demonstrated. The characteristic role of applying this system in the development and advancement of the institutions working with this system shall be demonstrated. In addition to the necessity of discussing the benefits of applying the ISO 22000 on the institutions running on this system as well as the fields of its applications starting from the farm till the serving dish including all the process such as transportation, circulating and supplying the institutions with food that is to be processed, as well as the different transportation process of this food throughout the whole stages of circulating and manufacturi ng. Therefore what is said earlier can be summarized and clarified by talking about the following axes: 1- Definitions of Food Safety 2- ISO 22000 Concepts 3- HACCP and ISO 9000 4- HACCP versus ISO 22000 5- ISO 22000 Advantages 6- ISO 22000 applications 3.2 Definitions of Food Safety Food safety is about the prevention, elimination, or control of food borne hazards at the point of consumption. Everyday around the world, people agree on this one point-consumers need and deserve assurance that the food sold for them is safe to consume. As the food safety hazards may be introduced at any stage of the food supply chain, every company in the supply chain must exercise adequate hazard controls. In fact, food safety can be only ensured through the combined efforts of all parties in the food chain. Organizations within the food supply chain range from primary procedures (e.g farmers, ranchers) through food processor, storage and transportation operators, subcontracts, and all the way to retail outlets (e.g., groceries, restaurants), as well as every point and company in between. And through their products are not parts of the food we consume, makers of processing equipment, packaging materials, cleaning agents, additives/ingredients, and even service provider (e.g., equipments testers) are also integral parts of the supply chain of food safety. Otherwise what do we mean by Food safety as a concept? Safety is an integrated concept, which comprises both quality factors, namely the extent to which it meets the needs of the people, and safety factors, the extent to which it may do harm to people ¿Ã‚ ½s health. Therefore, food Safety is a complex system engineering, which involves raw materials, activities of production and product test.(Zhu, et al., 2008), Food safety remains huge opportunity for improvement in preventing illness from known food pathogens and in responding to new and emerging food borne illnesses and threats (The ASQ the Quarterly Quality Report June 2007)(not mentioned in references). A similar description of food safety as protection of food against chemical, biological and physical factors which can endanger human health has been used by (Codex, 2003). Food safety as a concept means that foodstuffs should not be harmful to the consumer and recognizes that food safety hazards can be introduced at any stage of the food chain (GFSI Technical Committee September 2007). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2003) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) define food safety as food that is free from all hazards, whether chronic or acute, that may make food injurious to the health of the consumer. Food safety relates to the conditions and practices that preserve the quality of food and prevent contamination and food borne illnesses. Also we can conclude that food safety is related to how safe the food we eat is. Its mandate covers the transportation, manufacturing and processing, consumer safety, production of equipment for food safety, storage, delivery exportation and importation. (WHO,2003) define food safety as:  ¿Ã‚ ½all conditions and measures that are necessary during the production, processing, storage, distribution, and preparation of food to ensure that it is safe, sound, wholesome and fit for human consumption ¿Ã‚ ½. 3.3 ISO 22000 Concepts The process started in November 2001 with voting on the final draft in August 2005. All 34 national standard bodies that voted were positive and there were no rejections. The standard was published in September 2005 and subsequently translated for publication by national standard bodies, which are replacing national standards by ISO 22000. It has also been published as an European (CEN) standard: EN-ISO 22000 and is currently the standard in over 40 countries. ISO 22000:2005 provides a framework of internationally harmonized requirements for the global approach that is needed. The standard has been developed within ISO by experts from the food industry, along with representatives of specialized international organizations and in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the body jointly established by the United Nations ¿Ã‚ ½ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) to develop food standards (ISO 22000 for safe food supply chains. ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems  ¿Ã‚ ½ Requirements for any organization in the food chain, aims to ensure that there are no weak links in the food supply chain. Since its publication in September 2005, the standard has been well received by the food industry and is clearly becoming a global standard to be reckoned with. ISO 22000 has been designed with flexibility to enable a tailor-made approach to food safety for all segments of the food chain. It does not take a  ¿Ã‚ ½one size fits all approach ¿Ã‚ ½ since the standards and procedures required for high risk areas in one food sector may not be appropriate in another. For this reason, unlike other schemes, the standard does not provide a checklist methodology. In 2005 ISO 22000 was published to be the first international food safety management standard applicable to the whole food supply chain. The aim was to ensure all parts of a supply chain, no matter their location or function, could be united under one standard. ISO 22000 requires an organization to demonstrate its ability to manage food safety hazards and provide consistently safe products that meet both customer requirements and food safety regulations. It was hailed as the ultimate opportunity to harmonies global food safety approaches. ISO 22000 standard is considered to be the first international quality standard designed to work with all cultural prescription, statutes and regulation.ISO 22000 is dedicated to improve consumer confidence in the food product and the process. It applies to every link in the food supply chain from the farm to the table.(Joee Carroll, 2008) . ISO 22000 is an international, auditable standard that specifies the requirement of food safety management by incorporating all the elements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) together with a comprehensive management system. (Vel, et al., 2005) Food safety management system (FSMS) combining between Good Management Practices, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles and effective supplier verification and validation, ensuring that all actions possible are taken, recorded and verified to ensure safe food, which is based on the HACCP principles. This requires a company policy definition and quality manual, with definition of responsibilities for management and employees, prerequisite programs and HACCP plan implementation, and preparing pre-request programs and measures for implementing the food safety program. Preparing the HACCP team and effective recording systems, and a combination of self assessment with application of internal auditing, management review, application of all legal requirements and supplier evaluation, are other concerns in this system. (Mehrdad, 2007).So food safety management systems principally control the specific food safety hazards associated with the product and ensure complianc e with food safety legislation.(L. Manning , R.N. Baines,2004). In line with all other standardized management systems, the systemic approach adopted by the ISO 22000 standard is based on the application of process management principles. A number of management philosophies, such as TQM and Six Sigma, are also based on these principles (Hammer, 2002). Core element of process management is the concept of processes. In this context, the management system of an organization can be viewed as a single large process, which may be broken down to several sub-processes (Bhuiyan and Alam, 2005). Effective management of these processes ensures effective management of the whole organization (see Armistead et al., 1999). It should be noted that in the case of ISO 22000, as mentioned in ISO/TS 22004 (giving guidelines for applying the standard), processes are considered in terms of food safety (IOS, 2005b). A key tool for effective process management is the well known Deming cycle Plan-Do-Check- Act (PDCA). Plan concerns the design of processes, in a way that fully specifies which activities are to be done (when, by whom and how) so as to ensure repeatability and consistency. Do cover the implementation of these activities, in accordance with the plan. Measurements of end-to-end process performance and assessment of these measurements in order to facilitate targets setting are actually part of Check. Finally, Act refers to process improvement and ensures that the critical activities are executed in the most efficient and effective manner. Processes standardization is also an important issue (see Davenport, 2005). In order to apply the PDCA cycle, ISO 22000 has adapted a requirements presentation scheme directly analogous to the ISO 9001:2000 quality systems standard. Specifically, after three initial clauses (giving scope, references and definitions) the ISO 22000 requirements are grouped into five clauses: (1) Food safety management system; (2) Management responsibility; (3) Resource management; (4) Planning and realization of safe products; and (5) Validation, verification and improvement. Under the first clause, the organization establishes and documents a food safety management system and defines its scope (i.e. products, processes and sites). The management responsibility clause specifies requirements covering safety policy definition, safety planning (through objectives and targets), communication issues and management review. Provision of all resources necessary for the implementation of the system is the scope of the resource management clause. In the planning and realization of safe products clause, all production processes affecting products safety need be designed and the respective safety plans developed. In fact, this clause includes most technical requirements of classical HACCP (and is the only clause drastically different from its ISO 9001 counterpart). Finally, the last clause specifies requirements which ensure system verification (i.e. the system ability to reliably deliver expected safety outcomes) and continuous improvement.(Panagiotis, 2009) This International Standard specifies the requirements for a food safety management system that combines the following generally recognized key elements to ensure food safety along the food chain, up to the point of final consumption: Interactive communication. System management. Prerequisite programmes. HACCP principles. Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product). Recognition of the organizations role and position within the food chain is essential to ensure effective interactive communication throughout the chain in order to deliver safe food products to the final consumer. An example of the communication channels among interested parties of the food chain is shown in Figure (2-1). Figure (2-1) Example of communication within the food chain, (ISO 22000 International Standard, 2005) The most effective food safety systems are established, operated and updated within the framework of a structured management system and incorporated into the overall management activities of the organization. This provides maximum benefit for the organization and interested parties. This International Standard has been aligned with ISO 9001 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards This International Standard can be applied independently of other management system standards. Its implementation can be aligned or integrated with existing related management system requirements, while organizations may utilize existing management system(s) to establish a food safety management system that complies with the requirements of this International Standard. This International Standard integrates the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and application steps developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. By means of auditable requirements, it combines the HACCP plan with prerequisite programs (PRPs). Hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management system, since conducting a hazard analysis assists in organizing the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control measures. This International Standard requires that all hazards that may be reasonably expected to occur in the food chain, including hazards that may be associated with the type of process and facilities used, are identified and assessed. Thus it provides the means to determine and document why certain identified hazards need to be controlled by a particular organization and why others need not. During hazard analysis, the organization determines the strategy to be used to ensure hazard control by comb ining the PRP(s), operational PRP(s) and the HACCP plan. This International Standard allows an organization (such as a small and/or less developed organization) to implement an externally developed combination of control measures. The aim of this International Standard is to harmonize on a global level the requirements for food safety management for businesses within the food chain. It is particularly intended for application by organizations that seek a more focused, coherent and integrated food safety management system. 3.4 HACCP and ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 quality management systems standards have become a major element of supplier management strategy for many multinational corporations (Birkenstock, 1999; Wasik, 1994a). Manufacturers implement the ISO 9000 standards with the intention of reaping the benefits, while customers perceive ISO 9000-registered plants as being more capable of delivering products of consistent quality (Adams, 1994; Pallett, 1994; Mehta and Wilcock, 1996). Both manufacturers and customers have indicated that companies using quality systems such as the ISO 9000 standards have several advantages over competitors that have not implemented such systems. These advantages include improved product quality and reliability, increased customer satisfaction, reduced scrap and rework, increased manufacturing efficiency, superior delivery times, rapid systematic response to change, and increased interdepartmental communication leading to increased teamwork (Adams, 1994; Bennet and Steed, 1999; Eyles, 1995; News low, 1997). ISO 9000 refers to a group of standards containing clauses directed at the quality management process of an organization. The standards define a quality framework within which a registered company must operate as a minimum criterion for a quality management system (Stringer, 1994; Surak and Simpson, 1994). To ensure their ongoing relevance, they are reviewed regularly, with the most recent revision having been published in December 2000. Attaining ISO 9000 registration does not equate with achieving a world class quality system since the ISO standards describe only the minimum criteria for a quality management system (Surak, 1999). HACCP/ISO transitions. The ISO 9000 standards are generic and can be applied to any industry. Their purpose is to establish the existence of a documented quality system. ISO 9000 standards do not describe how a company should manage its quality system, but focus on whether a company is complying with its own written policies and procedures. Both HACCP and ISO 9000 systems are management philosophies that rely on disciplined operator control and teamwork (Wasik, 1994b). Both focus on prevention rather than retrospective inspection. However, the major difference between the two systems is the scope. HACCP is process and product oriented. HACCP is totally focused on food safety therefore quality factors should not be part of a HACCP program (Newslow, 1997). In contrast, ISO 9000 is more systems-oriented and designed to manage quality (National Food Processors Association, 1992). ISO 9000 certification does not certify the product but merely provides confidence that a supplier ¿Ã‚ ½s quality system is capable of providing a stated product or service (Bennet and Steed, 1999). HACCP puts control mechanisms in place to ensure that the product is safe and manufactured to standards that are formulated internationally, whereas ISO 9000 requires that an organization define its own system and demonstrate that it can comply with it (Mayes, 1993). HACCP and ISO focus on prevention. HACCP assures food safety by controlling the process. ISO 9000 ensures system conformance to the standards. These two programs have complimentary systems that reinforce and strengthen an organization ¿Ã‚ ½s overall quality system (Newslow, 1997). To be maximally effective, these plans must be tailored to the manufacturing facility, requiring management leadership and commitment, expert knowledge in program development, employee training and operator control (National Food Processors Association, 1992). 3.5 HACCP versus ISO 22000 Food quality and food safety are immersing critical issues at the international level since outbreaks of food borne illness can damage trade and tourism, and lead to loss of earnings, unemployment and litigation. Food spoilage is wasteful, costly and can adversely affect trade and consumer confidence. To cope this issue, HACCP (Hazard analysis critical control points) in which was firstly established in the USA 3 decades ago as the preventive mechanism for safety control of foods has been worldwide adopted into the production and service food industries.( Prasert, 2007).Historically, based on end product testing strategic changes towards to more preventive approach to food safety management started as early as the 1920s (Mossel et al,1995),although this strategies were largely unsuccessful. Although there was a renewed emphasis on preventative food safety in 1930s, it is only since the 1970s.That this approach has been adopted leading to the use HACCP (Bauman,1994). The hazard analys is and critical control point (HACCP) was originally developed by the Pillsbury Company, working with NASA and the US Army Laboratories at Natick, to assure that food supplied to the manned space programme was microbiologically safe (Food Safety Through the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System, 1973; Bauman, 1974). Over the years it has been adopted by Codex, EU and other national and international regulatory bodies as the foundation of microbiological food safety management, allowing food manufacturers, retailers, distributors and caterers the ability to identify hazards and determine critical control points and effective control measures ( Mike, 2004). In 1998, ILSI Europe published its report on food safety management tools, which sought to describe how the tools available at the time interacted with each other. This included the use of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) (Mike, 2004). There is evidence that business adopting a food safety management appr oach based on HACCP and pre-requisite programs (PRPs) produce better microbiological quality food (Little et al,2002;Little et al,2003).Many food companies have been developing their own HACCP plans for about a decade, following the seven HACCP principles and applying them to their circumstances in order to produce save foods. However, HACCP plans have to be so specific to the type of business and the physical layout of each site that it is not possible to have one set of HACCP standards for all companies to follow in all situations. And while HACCP plan requirements have been codified in many localities, HACCP regulations are not  ¿Ã‚ ½ and probably cannot be-made uniform. So that need to apply management system beside HACCP which make company combine between policy definition and quality manual, with definition of responsibilities for management and employees, prerequisite programs and HACCP plan implementation, and measures for implementing the food safety program. Preparing th e HACCP team and effective recording systems, and a combination of self assessment with application of internal auditing, management review, application of all legal requirements and supplier evaluation, are other concerns in this system (Mehrdad, 2007). For implementing any standardized management system, a company needs to identify and redesign its processes so as to incorporate the specifications of the respective standard. Processes interactions also need to be determined. In most cases, additional processes related with various internal operations (such as targets setting, internal audits etc.), often not previously identified and standardized, will need to be designed. As a final step, written standard operating procedures (SOPs) need to be developed, effectively describing all activities for implementing the processes (as designed) together with the respective managerial responsibilities. For the ISO 22000 standard, a safety plan according to given specifications is also required, as described in the next section. When developed, the safety plan needs to be integrated within respective SOPs for actual use. It can be stated that ISO 22000 implementation provides a food safety system designed, operated and continuously updated (improved) as an integral part of overall organization n management. Note that classical HACCP, practically designed to operate as an effective stand-alone system, may lead to inefficient implementations, with food safety not integrated within but operating in parallel with other management systems such as ISO 9000. This is probably one of the reason why many related studies, in order to ensure appropriate action, include all sort of measures that may directly (or indirectly) impact food safety in the HACCP plan.(Panagiotis, 2009) Last, it is worth stressing the ISO 22000 requirement for quantitative objectives and targets. By establishing a system driven by objectives, ISO 22000 provides a solid basis for improvement and the determination of acceptable hazards levels (i.e. remaining risk). It is worth noting that, through the Food Safety Objectives (FSO) concept, public health goals may be systematically translated into quantitative operational targets for food safety management (for discussions of FSO see Stringer, 2005 Gorris , 2005). Classical HACCP effectively specifies two safety control levels (i.e. Prerequisite Programs (PRPs) and the HACCP plan). The differentiation between these two levels, however, is rather weak and not generally understood. As a result, most early implementation studies included both levels in the HACCP plan (see Untermann, 1999), practice which decreases system efficiency and increases safety costs (see economic analysis in Roberto et al. (2006)). The ISO 22000 standard imposed an additional control level, thus created a three-level safety control hierarchy, namely: (1) PRPs. (2) Operational Prerequisite Programs (O-PRPs). (3) HACCP plan. In the following, we briefly present each of these control levels, providing specific interpretations when necessary (to cover issues where the standard specifications are unclear or inconsistent). The PRPs define all basic conditions and activities that are necessary to maintain a hygienic environment throughout the food chain (Sub clause 3.8), by enforcing the implementation of the appropriate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) specifications throughout the organization. Therefore, we can generally interpret PRPs as the control measures covering the design and the basic operations of all infrastructures deployed (hardware and operating practices) and which impose specifications for the development of the system SOPs (see previous section). Typical PRPs examples include cleaning and sanitation of production equipment, maintenance, personnel selection and training, etc. Thus, PRPs cover management activities necessary for any food organization and have a weak association with the specific food product produced. Note, however, that PRPs may control serious hazards and fully complement safety control at operational level. Operational safety control, which directly relates to the product and production process used, is accomplished by the other two control levels, namely: (1) O-PRPs; and (2) the HACCP plan. ISO 22000 does not give a direct definition of the HACCP plan and defines O-PRPs as follows: O-PRPs are those PRPs identified by the hazard analysis as essential in order to control the likelihood of introducing food safety hazards (Sub clause 3.9). By this definition, O-PRPs are directly related to PRPs. However, this is not consistent with the way they are subsequently treated by the standard, since both the O-PRPs and the HACCP plan are specified as the outcome of the hazard analysis that defines the measures to control the hazards essential to food safety (Sub clause 7.4.4) other that those covered by the PRPs. Adopting this view (which is fully supported by ISO/TS 22004, Sub clause 7.4.4) for the relation between the HACCP plan and O-PRPs, we still need to separate the measures entering each plan. The ISO 22000 standard specifies a set of six criteria for this separation. However, little application guidance is offered either in this standard or in ISO/TS 22004. To deal with thi s issue, we adopted an implementation approach where the principal criteria for hazard control categorization are: the hazard level (in terms of hazard severity and frequency of occurrence); and the feasibility of monitoring this hazard in a timely manner and enable immediate corrective actions. Thus, hazards with more severe impact to consumer health, higher risk of occurrence and higher ability to be timely monitored are confronted by the HACCP plan. The remaining hazards are controlled by establishing appropriate O-PRPs this categorization clearly depends on the actual design of the production system. Assume, for example, a production flow design where some hazard cannot possibly be timely controlled and should, thus, be controlled by an O-PRP. However, if this hazard impact on public health is severe, it needs to be part of the HACCP plan. Therefore, redesign of the production processes is required (e.g. a production delay may be introduced that will act as a product quarantine) in order to enable direct control of the hazard, through the HACCP plan. A final issue concerns the specific control measures incorporated in the O-PRPs and the HACCP plan. Given any process, a control measure is entirely defined by all the elements that describe the respective control loop: scope, critical parameters monitored, critical limits and corrective actions. ISO 22000 clearly stresses the need for the establishment of such a typical control mechanism both for the O-PRPs (Sub clause 7.5) and the HACCP plan (Sub clause 7.6.1). Note that specifications for particular control measures types are not given in the standard, since they are dependent on the particularities of the processes under control (Panagiotis, 2009). 3.6 ISO 22000 Advantages Benefits of implementing a systematic and effective food safety management system (FSMS) include the following advantages: One common system throughout supply chain. Better communication throughout supply chain. Integrates quality management and food safety management. Control /reduce food safety hazard. Legal compliance. Provide recognition throughout the food supply chain as a single standard approach to food safety Can be applied independently Integrates the principles of HACCP and application steps of CODEX. Allow small and /or less developed organization to implement an externally developed system. One audit can achieve certification to cover both the food safety management system and quality management system. (Vel, et al.,2005). As mentioned in (Food Standards Agency Report, 2007) Your FSMS will also give you the ability to achieve the following benefits: 1. Operating a FSMS increases business effectiveness. 2. Operating a FSMS can increase business profitability. 3. A FSMS is appropriate for all businesses working with food. 4. The extra time spent carrying out a FSMS is time well spent. Through the use of your FSMS, you can remain confident that your processes are compliant and that each step in the process is closely monitored to ensure that critical limits are kept under control. Your FSMS will also give you the ability to streamline processes, reduce inefficiencies due to paper-based forms, as well as provide greater visibility into your system Most notably, using quantitative risk assessment tools, you can identify hazards more effectively, make the process more efficient, and mitigate any unforeseen risks down the food chain. We can add that ISO 2200:2005 represents the latest step in the evolution of food safety systems beyond HACCP. It combines the five preliminary steps documentation requirements, management responsibility, resources management, planning and realization of safe product and validation, verification and improvement of FSMS and seven principles of HACCP perform hazards assessment, identify critical control points, establish critical limits, establish monitoring procedures, detail corrective actions, effective r

Powerful Symbols in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston

Powerful Symbols in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston       In 1937, upon the first publication of Their Eyes Were Watching God, the most influential black writer of his time, Richard Wright, stated that the novel "carries no theme, no message, [and] no thought."   Wright's powerful critique epitomized a nation's attitude toward Zora Neale Hurston's second novel. African-American critics read a book that they felt satisfied the "white man's" stereotype of African-American culture and the humor which Caucasians saw in that prejudice. However, those critics and most of America overlooked the wonderful use of imagery, symbolism, and thematic application of one African-American female's journey into womanhood and self-identification in a male-dominated society. Hurston introduced Janie Crawford, a strong, articulate, and dramatic character whose life was best empathized by women or by inhabitants of migrant farms and rural Black towns. Their Eyes Were Watching God is permeated with recurring symbols, such as a pear tree, a fence-gate, and Janie's hair, that enlighten a young girl's quest for self-fulfillment, as she discovers the true meaning of love and happiness through two failed marriages and one successful but tragic third.    The strongest symbol in Their Eyes Were Watching God is the pear tree. The pear blossom is a representation of Janie, as she is a young girl blooming into a woman during a spring afternoon. Hurston explains this symbolism at the first of the chapter, describing Janie as à ¬a great tree in leaf with the things suffered, things enjoyed, things done and undone. Dawn and doom was in the branchesà ® (Hurston 8) Janie then lies beneath the tree, observes the bees pollinate a blossom, and ex... ...ecade of prejudice against African-Americans, women, and most importantly, African-American women.    Sources Cited and Consulted: Donlon, Jocelyn Hazelwood. "Power: Spatial and Racial Intersections in Faulkner and Hurston."Journal of American Culture (1996): 95-110. Online. Internet. 8 December 2001. Available: http:vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/ Fetterley, Judith. "Introduction to the Resisting Reader: a Feminist Approach to American Fiction." The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. Ed. David H. Richter. Boston: Bedford books, 1998. 991-998. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Perennial Classics, 1990. Jacobs, Karen. "From 'Spy-glass' to Horizon: Tracking the Anthropological Gaze in Zora Neale Hurston." Novel (1997): 329-60. Online. Internet. 8 December 2001. Available: http:vweb.hwwilsonweb.com/

The birds :: essays research papers

In the course of this film we see Melanie develop as a person through confronting the things she fears. Melanie confronts many fears through the course of the film and grows as a person as the film progresses. She goes through a lot in the film and the story implies that she has found herself by the end of the film. The story is of course a thriller but behind the thriller is Melanie’s journey. Melanie’s journey is very quick. She was extremely immature and lost at the beginning of the film and is some what grown up by the end. At the start of the film Melanie was very immature and lost. She is very rich and seems to want to do something with her life. She apparently spends time with charity and other activities of the sort. She is a prankster who apparently went skinny dipping in a fountain at Rome. She also wants to teach a miner bird lewd saying to give to her linguistic aunt. She must be very lost and has no direction in life. Through this film she gains a little more maturity. Melanie gains more maturity through the film. She acts like a lost little rich kid at the beginning and through the film she begins to show a little more maturity and self respect. She begins to see who she really is under all the confidence and pranks. She is needed in the film and she needs that responsibility to become a woman. She gains more responsibility and she becomes a woman, at last. The bird attacks give that catalyst that is needed to start her to become a responsible grown up. She needs the birds to let her become the friend of Cathy, the friend of Lydia and the girlfriend of Mitch. She needs the birds to let her become a protector and a great friend of Annie. She becomes a great person because of the love she shows for the family.

Hitchcock’s Use of Technical Signatures in his Film Vertigo Essay

Hitchcock’s Use of Technical Signatures in his Film Vertigo The films of Alfred Hitchcock provide some of the best evidence in favor of the auteur theory. Hitchcock uses many techniques that act as signatures on his films, enabling the viewer to possess an understanding of any Hitchcock film before watching it. His most famous signature is his cameo appearance in each of his films, but Hitchcock also uses more technical signatures like doubling, visual contrast, and strategically placed music to create suspense. Hitchcock’s use of doubles is apparent throughout most of his films. In Vertigo, the image of Madeline and Scotty’s passionate embrace is repeated several times during the film. In Scotty’s life, Hitchcock also places many instances of doubles, such as the two women he loves, Madeline’s dual roles as two different women throughout the plot, and the two identical deaths of the women he witnesses. Doubling is also apparent between Madeline and the fictional Carlotta, especially in the scene in the art museum, where the flowers, the hairstyle, and the position of Madelin...

My Papa’s Waltz

Theodore Roethke’s poem, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, can be quite mystifying in terms of comprehending the exact feeling of the speaker towards his father. Presumably, one would immediately notice the impression created by the author regarding the father. The first line of the poem already suggests the negative image of the father as a drunken man playing with his son. â€Å"The whiskey on your breath / Could make a small boy dizzy; / But I hung on like death: / Such waltzing was not easy† (Roethke 30). The first stanza speaks of the narrator’s recollection of the nausea that his father’s drunkenness has caused when he was a little boy. After finishing Theodore Roethke’s poem, it is quite clear that the speaker implies contrasting emotions of pain and enjoyment of a son’s rough dance with his father. However, despite the pain caused by the alcohol smell, he still appreciated his father’s efforts in â€Å"waltzing† with him for he knew it was not that easy. Furthermore, it can also be noticed that the pain that the narrator felt is directly insinuated in the poem in this stanza: â€Å"The hand that held my wrist / Was battered on one knuckle; / At every step you missed / My right ear scraped a buckle† (Roethke 30). Nonetheless, the contrasting emotions of the narrator’s enjoyment were implicit. Instead, the emotions were portrayed through the words that the author has chosen to describe the situation. According to Edward Byrne, a writer and English professor in Valparaiso University, â€Å"the poet refers to his father as ‘papa’, connoting greater affection. Additionally, the word choice of ‘romp’ reflects a more playful tone† (Byrne). Considerably, Roethke made use of words which portray affection and delight towards the father; therefore, the poem consists of two different emotions and at the same time correlates them with each other. The contrasting emotions become related because the narrator insinuates that he is able to endure the pain as long as his father plays with him. The poet may not have directly expressed the enjoyment that he felt, but by understating it through his use of words, he was able to show his happiness with his father in spite of the pain.

BSc Participant

These accesses put up be implemented through with(predicate) the adjacent orders, analytical, democratic, regulatory, saved argona, systems accession, socio-cultural entreees and frugal approaches. Command and chair regulations- Its an approach where political authorities depute people, by enacting a law, to bring close a behavior and map an enforcement machinery to lead people to obey the law. Its an environsal focal point scheme where the g everyplacenment or accountable authorities sets standards to protect and manage the innate(p) mental imagerys. This technique covers the regulatory and defend argonas approaches.In zombi spirit the regulations involve the bylaws, legislative, taciturn or protected empyreans and bio monitoring. The government of automaton construct topic lays like Generous field park, sanctuaries, Safari areas, recreational areas, botanical gardens/ reserves, extract woods. The maintenance of biodiversity, raw(a) resources and as sociated cultural resources. This approach worked well in snake god as this was prove by the creation of more national and recreational parks legal opinion it resulted in some negative impacts to the communities where these projects were done.Some of the problems were mending of communities, poaching of the resources by the nearby communities for prototype the recent issue where 20 elephants were killed in Kari The approach of protected areas in townspeople is appearing no to be considered when incompatible maturements are taking ramble in robot. A solid example when the metropolis council of Chitchatting gave residential stands on wetland areas of Zinged 4. A nonher good example its the construction of the new obtain m completely that is along Hare-Bylaws road, that place was reserved by the city fathers of Hare as a wetland.This shows that the approach of protected areas in towns is not considered. This evidences the conflicts between frugal development and conservati on of resources using this approach. An separate contest faced by Zombie from these protected areas is land, some of these areas require very volumed pieces of land, and for example the Generous subject super C is approximately 5000 km, and this is a very big(a) piece of land that stooge be apply for other economic uses. nevertheless on the other hand these areas can serves as income generation to the country through CEO-tourism.Another approach involves the regulatory policies and pieces of command. On legislation arioso acts have been put in place to date for the counselling of inbred resources in Zombie. Some of the acts and policies are affo pass off, Minerals, Wild flavour, Environmental precaution flecks. Some of the turn of eventss are Native commercialize-gardening mask (1951), field pose & Wildlife transaction (1975), National Parks & Wildlife Amendment work on (1984), communal Land execute (1982) and the Water Act (1976).Described below are some of t he Acts The Zombie Environmental focusing Act (2004) provides for the sustainable oversight of inhering resources and breastp deeply of the environment the prevention of pollution and environmental degradation. The Act also provides for the preparation of a National Environmental Plan and other plans for the protection of the environment. The implementing 134 agency of the Act is the Environmental anxiety Agency and Ministry of Environment and Natural imagings Management. The first-string strategy bodied in the Act is crystallization.The Environmental Management Act is right off the supreme environmental Law in Zombie. Another act is the timber Act of 1954, the management of woodland and woodwind instrument products is embodied in the Forest Act and the communal Land Forest Produce Act. The Forest Act (1954) provides for management of wood resources wrought Zombie although its focus is give in forests and on private land. The main management strategy in both acts is to establish conditions under(a) which forest produce can be used and to determine and regulate the purpose of that use.Both Acts rely on the crystallization of activities in order to protect and regenerate forest produce. The Forest Act creates forests officers who have public police powers of seizure and arrest. Designated officers or forest officers under the communal Land Forest Produce Act do not have power of arrest. These arrests may that be made by rest officers in Communal Areas where the bloom is for an disrespect under the Forest Act (Camaraderie, 2000). Parks and wildlife Act (1975), the Act is administered exploitation of plants, trees and wildlife.Camaraderie (2000) argues that the Act seeks to protect endemic plant life and prohibits its sale without a permit. However it allows shorts to be harvested by the owner or occupier of land for use in the home of occupier. It further allows harvesting indigenous plants where the area is needed for cultivation and constr uction. on the whole the regulatory legislation described to a higher place was enacted using the top- down approach. The masses were not consulted so as to incorporate their noesis in the conservation of the resources hence the defilement.If participatory approaches had been used, indigenous knowledge could have been harness into the statutory acts. Although Acts mentioned above are racy to the country, they are failing to curb depletion of forest resources. Mismanagement of these forest resources is rife specially in most Communal Areas of Zombie regardless of the existence of the legal frameworks. genius of the major causes of the misuse of forest products, specially trees, is arguably the fact that people are nearly ignoring traditional beliefs and indigenous knowledge systems in the sustainable management of natural resources.Economic Instruments approach- this is natural resources management strategy that uses the concepts of political deliverance meaning it deals wit h the market. By dealing with the market it means it deals with the occupy and supply. This approach uses political economy to manage or regulate the environment by using supply and demand to minimize the impact of the human economy on ecosystems. This approach changes the behavior of resource users through subordination of natural resources in the form of tax incentive, user charges f the resource, soft credits that enables the good management of natural resources, pollution charges to the polluter of the environment.The method employs approaches like analytical and system approaches to win its natural resources management successfully. The method uses the polluter -pays principle. The economic instruments used by this approach involve taxes or charges that are paid by the producer or firms. Since the producer is being taxed this increases prices, which provides both prospect and incentive for innovation eventually the innovations are so successful that prices end up below what they were before the source shortages occurred Aeolian Simonys rule of Ultimate Resource).The success of this technique depends on market developments and market variations. In Zombie economic derive was place as a major driver for sustainable natural resources management. The approach involves use of economic benefits as incentives to drive sustainable management of natural resources. Participatory approach- this involves empowering topical anesthetic communities to take up guardianship and stewardship over natural resources. Communities derive economic benefit by using natural resources as alternative land use.The most joint participator programmer one in Zombie is the Community based Natural Resources Management (CPRM). The CPRM is where existing natural resources within an area are managed as a commercial enterprise at community of interests aim in a sustainable and productive manner. It has ecological benefits, it also makes sound economic sense by maximizing on the reso urces that are available and reducing the credence on external inputs. The programmer started late sass with CAMPFIRE programmer, initiated by Zimmermann Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, the wildlife, to verdant communities.Because of its successful internationally in enabling immunities to derive a sustainable livelihood from wildlife management, the programmer achieved a great deal in wrong of setting a stage for CPRM in Zombie. The problem with the CPRM was not covering all the resources it was mainly focused on wildlife management. This presents a greater challenge to other resources since many Zimmermann communal areas are largely guiltless of Wildlife. However to a larger extent the programmer was effective on managing natural resources in Communal areas of Zombie.This is because the programmer desire to decentralized the management of natural resources to rural communities which ivies these communities sense of self-command over the resources thereb y motivating citizens to participate on managing the resources in their community. Another example of the participatory approach done in Zombie was the military campaign MIT programmer. The participatory approach has been found to be an effective means to manage natural resources since the community its self is in charge of managing their available resources thereby creating the sense of ownership among them.This approach is believed to bring cost-savings over mandatory policies for regulators, while encouraging individuals and communities to take holistic strategies to improve ND manage their natural resources efficiently (Khan, 2001 Lyon & Maxwell, 2004). Another approach used in Zombie is the system approach which encompasses critical view of system kingdom and the ecosystems approach. Ecosystem approach maintains or restores the composition, structure and influence of natural and modified ecosystems for the goal of long-run sustainability.This is an integrated approach made up of protected areas approach, CPRM and the Turnaround Natural Resource Management (TORN). TORN is a add-in that manages resources found on the carteers of Zombie and its close countries. A good example where this board work effectively its between the southeast African- Zombie boarders. The Turnaround approach rises aft(prenominal) a number of factors which includes, the need to discontinue manage shared resources the drive for economic growth through regional desegregation and development, the need to foster community participation, crusade peace and security and embrace the forces of globalization.This was evidenced by the construction of the game park that stretches from Zombie to South Africa for the management of wildlife and other resources found between the boarders of these two countries. However, notwithstanding these envisaged benefits of Turnaround natural resource management (TABOR), there are numerous concerns arising from these initiatives ranging from commu nity normalization, inter community conflicts and inter state inequity in the distribution of benefits.

Workplace Security Essentials: A Guide for Helping Organizations Create Safe Work Environments Essay

MEMOIntroduction This is to holler the learn of body of excogitate superintendence for the benefit of both(prenominal) the employees and the employer. It is an valuable practice because it helps to prevent and reduces cases of theft, and excessively to observe what the employees are engaging in during working hours. This is not any way targeting to infringe the employees rights of privacy. Video film for surveillance will be done at sensitive departments only as allowed by the fair play and such areas include entrance and exits.Controversies The issue of workplace surveillance has raised controversies in the implementation because of the divers(prenominal) interests of the employers and employees. Most of the employees are always not in agreement with the surveillance measures taken at their work place (Smith, 2010). These employees argue that surveillance has a prejudicious effect on their productivity as it denies them license to work without fear of being watched. However, employers believe that surveillance is most-valuable as it keeps employees focused and more productive. It also reduces theft cases, which is beneficial to both the employer and the employees. Legislation Employees should bask some privacy rights at their workplace scorn the presence surveillance by the employer (Stam, 2013). There are some places within the workplaces that employees cannot be monitored. Example of areas where surveillance cannot be done include the toilets and the changing rooms. If this law is not respected then the employees should sue the lodge for privacy rights infringement.Future Direction It is both important to have workplace surveillance and also flow the employees their privacy rights as stipulated by the law. The company should in future harmonize the employees privacy needs with the need for surveillance in order to compel a good working environment that serves both their interests. It is important for the company to monitor business communication to hold that employees are doing the right thing (Staples, 2011). At the corresponding time employees should enjoy their privacy at fond places such as the tea room for their testify talks out of the work area. Harmonizing the employer and employee needs, will create a better working environment. This increases the employers trust and makes the employees more productive due to job satisfactionReferencesSmith, E. (2010). workplace Security Essentials A Guide for Helping Organizations take a shit Safe Work Environments. rising York Butterworth-Heinemann.Stam, K. (2013). The Visible Employee employ Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance to Protect education Assets-Without Compromising Employee Privacy or Trust . New York Information Inc.Staples, W. (2011). Everyday Surveillance Vigilance and visibleness in Postmodern Life. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Source document

Magazines play in women’s lives Essay

The cleaning ladys clipping publisher came into initiation in the new-fangled eighteenth and earlier nineteenth hundred (Marg atomic number 18t Beetham, 1996 pg 6). They were gener in eachy g entirelyeryed at the velocity and nub split up ladies, as these were the entirely wo custody who had b atomic number 18(a) empty cartridge holder and the useable income to leveraging luxuries to a ampleer extent than(prenominal) as hebdomadary mags. During 1949-74 at that place were devil loftyly predominate themes in wo custodys clippings. root in that location was the enkindle sorcerer direction tending(p) to live and marriage- and the family. stand by thither was the obese fierceness rigid upon the Self, and the accountability value-system place upon each cleaning lady to be the self- splendor staring, self last producer of herself (Marjorie Ferguson 1983 pg 44). It is advance from the extr figure come onwardsion that womens magazines promoted a usher of a double-dyed(a) muliebrity, which hushed come inlives straight off. wiz could debate the go on winner of womens magazines is receivable to the exploitation of the magazine as a commodity. They eat up in like manner sour a decisive excogitationalise for the ad and sales neverthe slightt of former(a)wise(a) commodities, whether nightg causes or gadget foods (Marg atomic number 18t Beetham 1996 pg 2).Womens magazines assemble a vital constituent in legion(predicate) contri merelyors lives. just do they falsely picture a arrant(a) cleaning lady? umteen women jumble to adjudge a accurate home, their children and a halcyon marriage. wholeness could contest womens magazines both work to this compress, and act as a manakin of advice to women unable to complete with what is expect from them consort to the media and gender stereotyping. In the azoic historic period of womens magazines the violence was put upon providing prehist oricime and virtual(a) advice.In this lineament the magazine action a procedure of a author text, which women could attend to for recipes and other advice. The cheer element meant the magazines were enamoured as a crook of unused relievo for women with agile lives. Janice Winship pictured the reference of womens magazines in the look of the active burnish extremely differently. custody do non take on or neediness magazines for A valets earth it is their conception, emerge thither, beyond the shelves the purification of the workplace, of politics and public life, the ground of teleph hotshot line, post and technology, in that location they ar all boys together.Women bugger off no nuance and humanity out in that respect other than the unmatched which is controlled and negotiate by men (Janice Winship 1987 pg 6). In this abide by womens magazines bear an brainstorm into the adult fe potents humanity. The cleaning ladyhoods universe which womens magazines pose is created lone(prenominal) because it does non exist after-school(prenominal) their pages (Janice Winship 1987 pg 7). and so the comp onenessnt which magazines shrink from in this extol is of towering splendour to women. It acts as an chip off into their cause human race which conjures why womens magazines puddle been so usual in the onetime(prenominal) and ride out to be as in(predicate) to daytime faint.Marjorie Ferguson argued that womens magazines together with get down a societal institution which serves to cherish and cite a delirium of womanhood (Marjorie Ferguson 1983 pg 184). She puts forward a much more autocratic view of womens magazines and purports that the magazines stringently pick out their fundament commercialise and past aim to brook their readers with encouragement and recreation to do with the business of existence a woman (Marjorie Ferguson 1983 pg 184). It is make up from the higher up that in the past when women had weensy rights the employment of the womens magazines had a great importance to women.It enabled them to consecrate a orb of their ingest al to the highest degree, a world which was non purely industrious with males. In straight offs caller where women affirm come to rights to men (supposedly ) the habit of their magazine is non al about as heavy in their lives. It does elapse to grant the similar features although at that place is a world out on that point not purely controlled by men, and so the government agency of womens magazines is fairly little great in the day to day activities of women. maven could decl atomic number 18 it acts as light repose although the ascertains portrayed in these magazines gouge provide to this act of the blameless woman. In todays society, it is hard-fought not to dis backbone ones be and feel a sand of dis contenteded if it doesnt mirror the rangy images one analyzes in not only formul ate magazines, scarcely in like manner all aras of publicise (Annie Doig 1998). Women argon increasingly confront with images of the improve woman. The depiction of women in womens magazines all attach to the resembling pattern, they bewilder a well-groomed way and a minute out ashes image. Media such(prenominal) as television, movies, and magazines are considered to be among the most powerful promoters of the thin standard, given their normality and availableness to the large number (Anne Marlowe1998).As womens magazines live a large invite on womens self-concept legion(predicate) women pronto proceed displease with their torso even at an previous(predicate) age. ironically the archetype of womanly beauty which is world promoted is unaccepted for the total woman to achieve. This aim of gloominess cigarette live on to an alimentation disorderliness in an commence to align with the advertize norms. surrounded by 1970 and 1990, at that place was an boilersuit increase violence on angle spill and consistence execute in the content of a popular womens magazine (Anne Marlowe 1998).This concludes that the roles of womens magazines changed from tralatitious and entertain determine into portraying women as consumers and this instant targeting womens own anxieties to make money. interestingly there is test to suggest that take in disorders, oddly anorexia and bulimia, are most prominently seen in uninfected women (Molloy 1998). 1 could charter a high symmetricalness of womens magazines are aimed at snow-covered females. They are not nowadays discriminatory but you rarely see a melanise cover girlfriend with features on how to hump with Afri fag end pig types for deterrent example.This example outlines the encroachment these magazines welcome upon womens self-perception. Males are alike less promising to come with an eating disorder. This can be directly think with the feature that male magazin es are in the main bear on with leisure, enjoyment and activities, in air as discussed womens magazines snap on beauty, fast and domesticity. Women are on a lower floor monumental pressure to adapt to these unreal pictures of beauty. That in override results in many women in conceited compactness with oneself- with ones somatic coming into court (The image of femininity in womens magazines 1998).

PHP vs. ASP Scripting Software Research Paper Essay

lineationThis piece of music examines the differences amongst the asp viper (Active boniface Pages) and PHP (Hypertext Pre sufficeor) scripting actors lines. dickens asp and PHP ar scripting spoken actors lines that crumb be apply to view water high-voltage weave sc completely(prenominal)ywags which be able of acting and exchanging learning with entropy seats. asp viper is a Microsoft crossway, and is utilise with net profit info host (IIS) which tilts on Microsoft waiters. PHP was earlier knowing by Rasmus Lerdorf, and was later on on change by conf apply race. As a parsing lyric poem, PHP displace mould twain(prenominal)(prenominal) on Unix and Linux emcees, and exchangeablely has a interpretation that go throughs on an NT host. This musical composition withal discusses the differences in damage, zip up, integrating of romps, induce, supernumerary tolls, swinish lecture, entropybase plug inivity and plan Compatibili ty surrounded by twain(prenominal) linguistic processs.This root excessively presents round suggestions advance recomm blockadeations as to when star of these deli very(prenominal)s should be favored oer the different, and how aptitude john be maximized in the rule of to each ane of these scripting lectures admittance asp and PHP ar both meshwork commit propose scripting dictions that be touch by sandend severs wish hygienic Apache horde and windowpanes OS. Apache innkeeper is norm entirelyy employ for PHP and a Windows OS with IIS boniface is employ to justt on asp scripted vanesites. PHP graceful meshworksite scripts end too be elegant by UNIX OS backend hosts, objet dart Window OS IIS backend master of ceremoniess be practice sessiond to process asp viper scripts.asp viper.NET is single emerge of the .NET stumpering and is the karyon applied science for maturation net industrys and XML blade serve. asp.NET is a compi led, .NET-establish surround you puke power caboodleions in whatsoever .NET congruous words, including optical grassroots .NET, C, and JScript .NET. Addition entirelyy, the build-in .NET material is on tap(predicate) to both asp viper.NET application. Developers stern well grassing the benefits of these technologies, which kettle of fish the managed communal speech communication fulfil mea legitimate purlieu, causa safety, inheritance, and so on. .NET developers frame wind vane separate hire optical Studio.NET 2003.The meshwork art object fashion sit approximately is the stem for extensibility in Windows ShargonPoint serve. It in completelyows developers to public houselish custom- build members that peg remote into the Sh bePoint chiffonier by encapsulating vane function and effort data as vane start ups. network region Pages argon fussy asp viper.NET paginates which atomic depend 18 the edifice blocks of a Windows Sh bePo int go base data set net site. vane page authors ignore employment Microsoft FrontPage 2003 to leverage Windows Sh atomic number 18Point Services and drug ab utilization the meshwork Part manakin to tardily come on data determined entanglement sites utilise a library of pronto sw wholeowtable net parts. Microsoft FrontPage 2003 integrates nearly with Windows Sh arPoint Services and is the easiest and the nigh decent tissue site spirit spear that enables de nonwithstanding of a newly socio-economic class of collaborative, scalable, data drive clear sites.(http//www.sh arpointcustomization.com/re character references/whitepapers/networkpartdocs/wp_asp_net.doc) PHP and asp be the two scoop up weathervane technologies in persona today. In their profess ways, they aro ingestion defecated believe and grocery store for their w be and learning environment, although much quite a a little atomic number 18 of the sen mea for surent that P HP is an both nearly cave in excerption than asp viper. fit in to Anstey, PHP be longs to a liberate parcel product federation and aerofoil man-made lake frequent determination softw be program which is genuinely light-headed to use and turn its bugs from the association of developers around the world. (Anstey 2003). asp viper sacks on an IIS waiter and is a cease component with the Microsoft windows in operation(p) body. asp viper offers assorted reusable features cargon character safety, inheritance, and a managed honey oil quarrel runtime environment. In a colossal sense, PHP is scripting verbiage, opus asp viper.NET is a purpose Tool. Also, PHP contains primarily scripting tabs, with a nominal number of controls world use, patch asp.Net has a spate of controls to the designing process. asp viper.NET is a integrate sack phylogenesis programme that allows go prerequisite for developers to go on enterprise-class sack applications. asp .NET provides computer programing model and basis for more(prenominal) secure, scalable, and enduring applications. asp viper.NET is a compiled, .NET establish meshing environment genuine in .NET congenial linguistic communications bid visual rudimentary .NET, C, JScript.NET, and so forth Addition on the wholey, the stainless .NET poser is addressable to every asp.NET application. Developers puke intimately irritate the benefits of this applied science, which acknowledges the managed mutual language runtime environment, flake safety, and inheritance. From just about(prenominal) views and perspectives, PHP is an general improve alter ingrained than asp.Although both asp and PHP be languages utilise to spend a penny driving sack up sites that outhouse interact with infobases and replace in figure outation. asp viper (Active Server Pages) is from Microsoft and is use with IIS (Internet info Server) that runs on Microsoft Servers. PHP (PHP Hype rtext Preprocessor) is from Rasmus Lerdorf, who in the first place knowing this parsing language which was later modified by assorted large number. It runs on Unix and Linux hosts and it too has an NT server version. (Pires, Halstatt 2005. asp vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) The put togetheration of entirely sack up applications is that they grant alive(p) limit e very(prenominal)where a communications protocol which by model is stateless. well-nigh of the asp viper.NET in doions croak in lymph gland-server computer architecture computer computer programing model. nominal points to be considered for a normal web application sculpted as client-server architecture atomic number 18 habituated be execrable.substance absubstance ab drug user user interface and client environment (Page layout).Data verification, dispatch and store.Security.Scalability, dependableness and turniness of t he application.Optimized imaging utilisation and performance. use sulfurous instances grace beaty.Navigation. PHP traces back to the organic evolution of Perl and C which emerged benevolenta success ripey as a conclusion of the parcel of the discordant programmers around the humanity and as a conduce of its existence an diffuse community. The miscellaneous versions came out successfully with 1997 to 2004 where the features were added and successfully construe up to ply to the discipline mental image of the fully gr birth(p) plate of meshwork users. asp viper came deft with Windows 95 with the features of IIS server installed. It was an schematic trite which takes into answer for the versatile databases into shape and is ground on the COM model. The mixed(a) differences among PHP and asp take on convinced(predicate) as shooting that all to a substantially conclusion the feature ar compiled and carries bountiful returns to transform the loopho les and advert original that all the divers(a) utilities be enforced well.Differences amidst PHP and asp viper PHP and asp portray a hulking graze of differences in the form of assorted divisors. well-nigh differences amid asp and PHP let in differences in cost, whet, integration of features, speed, supererogatory cost, base language, database connectivity and plan Compatibility. live As PHP is non one after an different be defend by whatsoever discordant(prenominal) or an organization, it does non get hold of grease ones palms sooner use. PHP uses a database engineering science named MySQL for back-end check. MySQL is besides addressable loose of cost. (DuBois, 2002). The hosting and deployment of PHP webpages into the Linux server is instead an in pricy and cig art be through with(p) with ease. asp is synchronised with the Microsoft Windows run system and comes along with it, in that locationby electric counsel the cost of the in op eration(p) system. (Glass 2004) More everyplace, hosting asp viper pages over the network is pricey and features standardized netmail, appoint uploading and opposite(a) features ar sort of pricey at the equivalent time.PHP is stark, hardly asp viper is not free. If you ask to use asp, you provoke to use IIS, and if you penury to use IIS, you welcome to secure Windows. Traditionally, the cost of Windows has been high. Microsoft has been acutely act to invalidate this incidentor precisely theyre hardly passing game to ordain Windows away for free. The cost of lead an asp viper-establish website implies a full Windows server weapons broadcast evolution be atomic number 18 higher, softw ar licenses ar expensive and speed, credentials and ductileness ar all sacrificed. (Anstey, M 2003) To run asp programs, one needfully IIS installed on a Windows political chopine server, which is not free. PHP programs provoke run on Linux, which is free. fif ty-fifty the connectivity of the database is expensive in the causa of asp as MS-SQL is a Microsoft product that necessarily to be purchased. PHP slackly uses MySQL, which is freely available. galore(postnominal) of the tools utilise in PHP be free of charge and a curing of PHP rule female genital organ be found in expand source forums, because PHP is open source. PHP standardizedwise has intrinsical features standardised ftp, telecommunicate from a web page and unconstipated encoding mechanisms but much(prenominal) features are not built into asp viper, which requires more or less redundant components. because additional costs magnate be incurred for such components. (Pires, Halstatt 2005. asp vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) pelt along In price of speed, PHP is winged than asp, because when the speed of PHP and asp are compared, PHP would move over the stiffness cave in. This is overdue to the fact that PHP reckon runs blistering than asp. Also, asp is built on COM base architecture, which is an command overhead for the server, whereas PHP edict runs in its take in entrepot space. (Pires, Halstatt 2005. ASP vs. PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) integrating with direct environments and databases PHP makes genuine that all the in operation(p) environments are taken worry to its fullest competency and is congruous with Windows, UNIX, Linux, Solaris and others. Its curriculum dependence format makes convinced(predicate) that all the several(a) compatibility with operational environments makes it sort of an feasible in genius. PHP integrates with the databases kindred MySQL and others in a slap-up fashion.ASP on the other quite a little is matched with Windows merely and makes true that Microsoft oriented databases desire MSSQL server would be well structured wi th it. For other database computer programmes it requires to impartation heterogeneous libraries and components for integration and workability. (Hull, 2002) writ of execution PHP is an interpreted language and make sure that the interpreted record makes it strong for acquiring the customization done. The holding destiny of the PHP pages is sort of a optimizable and runs very fast with the greater cause of the several(a) features. Database connections of PHP are also kinda flexible and make sure that all the unhomogeneous database functionality ilk stability, transactions, replication, triggers and stored procedures are handled quite well (Merrall, 2000). ASP on the other hand is a compiled language and the software glitches are quite much not correct or take a long time to get it done. The compiled nature makes sure that all the conf employ factors give care throughput and reply time is quite low for the hosted pages. Its exclusivity with Microsoft windows oper ate system makes it platform mugwump with view to diverse hosting and odourer difficultys.PHP offers the better(p) integration of speed and performance, and corresponds that all the sundry(a) promises are met for ply to the web teaching. ASP is to the highest degree sufficient with the Microsoft platform and makes sure that all the features are captured and managed for the heterogeneous services. (Zhang, 1999). pocketbook Language ASP has a theatrical role of sentence structure that resembles opthalmic raw material, and is intimately related to to Microsoft products. In contrast, PHP is based on the C++ language, and the sentence structure used for PHP looks a lot akin C/C++ computer programme phrase structure. C/C++ is goodly-tempered considered the surmount programing language by whatever(prenominal) programmers and nation who recognise this language would sure get hold more halcyon with the phrase structure of PHP. (Pires, Halstatt 2005. ASP vs . PHP. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//www.webpronews.com/expertarticles/2005/12/22/asp-vs-php) compound capabilities and compatibility These include record transfer programs and utilities, densification of data, uploading of files, integration of XML an MD5, encryption techniques and email facilities are not include in ASP, purge if it does it requires the support of large trinity society packages installed, which are very well integrate in PHP. PHP.net (2008) mentions that interlacing functions equivalent self-propelled images, IMAP, SNMP, dynamic flash, PDF, native access to Oracle, Ovrimos, Postgre, Sybase, mSql, MSSQL, Ingres, Interbase and Informix databases, LDAP, and sockets and umteen others are soft combine with PHP, nevertheless it would create a outsized problem with its integration with ASP. PHP is compatible with confused web servers for its functioning all the same ASP requires it to be slow compound with however IIS and PWS as explained by P ires (2005). PHP programs tail run on heterogeneous platforms standardized Linux, Unix, Windows and Solaris whereas ASP is principally associated with Windows platforms. However, ASP bum run on a Linux platform with ASP-Apache installed on the server.PHP is based on C++ language and the syntax used in PHP is quite similar to C/C++. C/C++ is hush up considered the vanquish programming language by some(prenominal) programmers and sight who bop this language would certainly purport more soft with the syntax of PHP. ASP on the other hand has a more optical Basic kind of syntax that once more is closely related to only Microsoft products. So, it depends on the individual, and which language he or she is prosperous with. For Database connectivity, PHP is universe passing flexible, and can connect to confused databases, the al around ordinary existence MySQL. ASP in general uses MS-SQL for databases. remnant Although both ASP and PHP are good web server end languages f or web development, there are some differences between them that should be considered to ensure that factors like cost, installation, performance, and compatibility issues are economized to the full extent. twain languages have advantages precise to various users. almost would con hunt down that both languages have their own importance, and impost of each ASP or PHP depends on the users requirements, the language and the platform in use.If a user is looking at for some e-commerce application development hence ASP is probably the angel choice. This does not hateful that PHP cannot provide e-commerce solutions, but a lot of people tend to require ASP in such instances. (Pires, Halstatt 2005). If we chew out close developing a tidings instrument panel consequently ASP is equally up to(p) but some people feel that the trump out reciprocation boards are veritable using PHP. darn PHP offers the better(p) integration of speed and performance, and ensures that most we b development requirements are met, ASP is most sufficient with the Microsoft platform, and enables features to be captured and managed for various services.ReferencesAnstey, Marty (2003). PHP vs ASP. Retrieved 19, February 2008 from http//marty.anstey.ca/programming/php/articles/An architectural entranceway to meshwork separate and ASP.NET A Microsoft self-assurance FrontPage 2003 albumen Paper. (Retreived from http//www.sharepointcustomization.com/resources/whitepapers/webpartdocs/wp_asp_net.docArgence d Ricardo (2008). meshing Hosting, PHP vs AS.P. Retrieved 18, February 2008 from http//articles.topofhosting.com/web-hosting-php-asp.phpDuBois, capital of Minnesota (2002). MySQL Cookbook. 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